• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.219-229
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• 2005

The analytical methods for dioxins in water sample from wastewater to tap water were reviewed. For extraction method, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) has been widely used, however, this process needs too much time and man power. New approach including solid phase extraction (SPE) is now applicable to large volume of water sample with high extraction efficiency. Column clean up in classical analytical methods were very complex and time consuming procedures during decade. Modifications were tried to decrease solvent and reagents volume. Moreover, use of column connection method has been demonstrated in the environmental matrices. Instrumental configurations also have been improved, in which GC/MS/MS with large volume injection approach can analyze picogram levels. Absolute sensitivities of HRMS increased compared to old versions of double focusing sector type mass spectrometers. Based on these analytical evolutions during last 10 years, we tried to optimize the analytical method for dioxins in water sample from sample extraction to instrumental analysis.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.65-69
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• 1988

This study was carried out to find the optimum condition for production of fusarin C, Known as a mutagenic and toxic agent. Three liquid media, Czapek-kox, MYRO, GYEP and microorganism, Fusarium moniliforme F84 isolated by Bjeldanes lab. in U.C. Berkeley, were used in this experiment. Fusarin C amounts were determined upon PH and fluctuating time/temperature. The results were obtained as follows; 1. The largest amounts of fusarin C were shown in Czapek-Dox medium and the amounts were about 1/10 of fusarin C amounts in corn culture. 2. In Czapek-Dox medium, the best condition for fusarin C production was at $28^{\circ}C$ for 2 weeks culture, and in corn culture, at $28^{\circ}C$ for l week culture. 3. The best initial PH for fusarin C production was 6.5 in Czapek-Dox medium and also at the initial pH 6.3, 5.9 the fusarin C amounts produced were much higher than other initial PH.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.112-117
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• 2021

α-Amanitin and β-amanitin are highly toxic bicyclic octapeptides responsible for the poisoning of poisonous mushrooms such as Amanita, Galerina, and Lepiota by inhibiting RNA polymerase II, DNA transcription, and protein synthesis. A sensitive, simple, and selective liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometric method using parallel reaction monitoring mode was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of α- and β-amanitin in mouse plasma to evaluate the toxicokinetics of α- and β-amanitin in mice. Protein precipitation of 5 μL mouse plasma sample with methanol as sample clean-up procedure and use of negative electrospray ionization resulted in better sensitivity and less matrix effect. The calibration curves for α- and β-amanitin in mouse plasma were linear over the range of 0.5-500 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day coefficient of variations and accuracies for α- and β-amanitin at four quality control concentrations were 3.1-14.6% and 92.5-115.0%, respectively. The present method was successfully applied to the toxicokinetic study of α- and β-amanitin after an oral administration of α- and β-amanitin at 1.5 mg/kg dose to male ICR mice.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2006

This study was conducted to make a rapid and easy determination for the fertility of liquid pig manure as fertilizer by investigating the contents, and correlation coefficients of various nutrients. Samples were collected from 118 local pig farms in the western area of Jeju in Korea. Electrical conductivity(EC), dry matter(DM), $NH_4-N$ and minerals were determined and the relationships among them were examined. The collected liquid manure samples from 118 pig farms were classified according to the level of DM contents ;< 3% (92 farms), $3{\sim}6%$ (18 farms), $6{\sim}9%$ (5 farms) and>9% (3 farms), based on the collected data, most of the liquid manure coming from the local pig farms contain small amount of dry matter. The dry matter contents appeared highly correlated(p<0.01) with EC, $NH_4-N$, T-P, Ca, Mg and Na, except for K. In addition EC was proportional to $NH_4-N$, T-P, Ca, and Na except fer Mg. The fertilizer component ratio of $NH_4-N$, P and K in liquid pig manure were not constant, resulting in low efficiency for fertilizer. However, the toxic heavy metals of Cu etc. were below the criteria of organic fertilizer and soil contamination evaluation. Therefore, we concluded that both dry matter content and electrical conductivity could be used as an indicator for evaluating the fertility of liquid pig manure.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.533-538
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• 1995

Ten specimens of the imported pufferfish, fugu flavidus ('Sarnchaebog'), from China were assayed for anatomical distribution of toxicity, Also, a toxic ovary of each specimen was excised, and transferred into Bio-gel P-2 column chromatography for purification of the toxins. The average toxicity of all specimens assayed was calculated to be $4.1\pm 0.5\;in\;liver,\;2.8\pm1.1\;intestine,\;0.8\pm0.5\;skin,\;2.3\pm1.5\;testis\;39.0\pm16.0\;ovary\;and\;7.0\pm2.0 MU/g$ bile, respectively; Ovary was weakly toxic, but others were non-toxic or weakly toxic. Moreover, instrumental analyses including thin layer chromatography(TLC) and electrophoresis disclosed tetrodotoxin (TTX) and anhydro tetrodotoxin (anh-TTX), respectively. The toxins of the ovary gave four peaks in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) whose retention times (14 and 24 min) were close to those of TTX and anh-TTX, respectively.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.414-420
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• 2007

Nanomaterials have been applied to various fields due to their advantageous characteristics such as high surface area, rapid diffusion, high specific surface areas, reactivity in liquid or gas phase, and a size close to biomacromolecules. Up to date, increased manufacturing and frequently use of the materials, however, revoke people's concerns on their hazard impact including toxicity the materials. Many research groups have carried out different protocols to evaluate toxic effects of nanomaterilas on different organisms, and consequently, nanomaterials are known to cytotoxicity. In this paper, we reviewed some of the most reports on toxic effects of several nanoparticles specifically on bacteria. There are numbers of reports focused on antibacterial effect of nanoparticles based on bacterial cell viability. Therefore, the application of each nanomaterial should be concerned with its toxicity and its toxic effect should be evaluated in terms of concentrations and sizes of the nanomaterials used, prior to use of a nanomaterial.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.146-150
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• 2013

In this study, we investigated the effects of longterm exposure to ionic liquid (IL) on Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 (MR-1). MR1 was acclimated through repeated exposure to IL. The acclimated strain was named as S. oneidensis SH-1 (SH-1) and compared with MR-1 in various aspects including morphology, cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), motility, and fatty acid. Compared to the MR-1, SH-1 showed elongated cell shape on scanning electron microscopy. Upon exposure to IL, hydrophobicity of SH-1 (28.2%) was higher that of MR-1 (3.3%). In contrast, motility of SH-1 (7 mm) was lower than that also of MR-1 (22 mm), and branched chain fatty acid of SH-1 was lower than that of MR-1, 27.6% and 41.1%, respectively.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.173-180
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• 2022

Presence of ammonia in drinking water is very toxic to human health. Soluble ammonia contaminates ground water due to activities such as the use of fertilizer in crop, industrial effluents and burning of fossil fuel. Even low concentration of ammonia present in water will damage aqua environment such as marine organism. Membrane technology is an important process to remove ammonia from effectively from water. Flat sheet membrane, membrane contactor and membrane distillation are some of the methods used for water purification from ammonia. Membrane contractor is an efficient process in which ammonia is removed through liquid-gas or liquid-liquid mass transfer without change of phase unlike membrane distillation. However, the cost of ammonia removal in this method is high due to maintenance of very high pH. Zeolite has excellent ion exchange ability that enhances its ability to interact with ammonia and adsorb from wastewater. Mixed matrix membranes containing zeolite enhance the efficiency of ammonia adsorption and separation from wastewater. In this review the above discussed issues are summarized in detail.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.105-114
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• 2020

Background: Exploring the pharmacokinetic (PK) changes of various active components of single herbs and their combinations is necessary to elucidate the compatibility mechanism. However, the lack of chemical standards and low concentrations of multiple active ingredients in the biological matrix restrict PK studies. Methods: A putative multiple reaction monitoring strategy based on liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was developed to extend the PK scopes of quantification without resorting to the use of chemical standards. First, the compounds studied, including components with available reference standard (ARS) and components lacking reference standard (LRS), were preclassified to several groups according to their chemical structures. Herb decoctions were then subjected to ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis with appropriate collision energy (CE) in MS² mode. Finally, multiple reaction monitoring transitions transformed from MS² of ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry were used for ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry to obtain the mass responses of LRS components. LRS components quantification was further performed by developing an assistive group-dependent semiquantitative method. Results: The developed method was exemplified by the comparative PK process of single herbs Radix Ginseng (RG), Radix Polygala (RP), and their combinations (RG-RP). Significant changes in PK parameters were observed before and after combination. Conclusion: Results indicated that Traditional Chinese Medicine combinations can produce synergistic effects and diminish possible toxic effects, thereby reflecting the advantages of compatibility. The proposed strategy can solve the quantitative problem of LRS and extend the scopes of PK studies.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.35 no.2 s.137
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• pp.128-133
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• 2004

Aconitum triphyllum Nakai, the Korean spontaneous perennial herb, is one of the most important materials of oriental drug Fu-zi(aconite) and has long been used as cardiotonic for arrhythmia, analgesic and antiinflammatory drug in oriental countries. Although the plant is widely used for the preparation of aconite, the composition and amount of the toxic aconitine type alkaloids have not studied so far. As the preliminary study for seasonal variation of major constituents in mother tuber and daughter tuber of the plant, the authors tried to elucidate phytochemical characteristics of $C_{19}-diterpenoid alkaloids by $^{13}C-NMR$ spectra and seasonal variation of the alkaloidal contents by high performance liquid chromatography.