• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.35-44
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• 2000

It was numerically studied that NOx emission characteristics of confined $CH_{4}$ jet flames with the variation of the diameter of inner fuel nozzle, the flow rate of $CH_{4}$ and equivalence ratio. Parabolic type equations were adopted in the calculation and GRI-2.1I mechanism was used for the chemical reaction. NOx emission index (EINOx) was introduced to evaluate NOx emission quantitatively in parametrically varied flames and the contribution of Thermal and Prompt NO mechanism was discussed. The results showed that Total EINOx varied sensitively with the variation of the flow rate of$CH_{4}$ but it was not sensitive to the variation of the diameter of inner fuel nozzle. Thermal EINOx showed the similar tendency to total EINOx and Prompt EINOx showed insensitivity to the variation of the diameter of inner fuel nozzle and the flow rate of $CH_{4}$.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.781-792
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• 2012

Seasonal variation of species composition in marine organisms around Oryukdo of Busan was investigated using a gill net between 2009 and 2011. A total of 82 species, 52 families, and 6 taxa were collected during the sampling periods. Species were included two species in Cnidaria, one in Urochordata, 12 in Mollusca, 12 in Crustacea, seven in Echinodermata, and 48 in Pisces. The dominant species were Crepidula onyx, Asterina pectinifera, Ceratostoma burnetti, Asterias amurensis, Anthocidaris crassispina, and Trachurus japonicus. These six species accounted for 48.4% in the total number. Diversity indices were highest in spring 2009 (2.77) and lowest in spring 2011 (1.66). Seasonal variation of species composition and abundance in marine organisms corresponded with the water temperature.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.71-82
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• 1969

The present investigations were carried out with the purpose of making clear the fundamental features of the seasonal variations in chemical composition of the brown algae. Three species of samples, Ecklonia cava, Sargassum sagamianum and Hizikia fusiforme have been analyzed monthly for their contents of total ash, crude protein, alginic acid, mannitol, and laminarin over a year period. Three kinds of samples were collected from the same locality, situated on the southern coast of the Che-ju Island, from September 1966 to August 1967. In addition, the comparative analysis was made on fronds and stipes of the plant for their chemical composition. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1, In general, the three species examined underwent a similar mode of seasonal variation, and no essential difference was detected among them. 2. The chemical composition of the plant exhibited a considerable difference between the species. The content of total ash in H. fusiforme was remarkably higher than those in the two other species respectively. The alginic acid content was relatively high in S. sagamianum and low in H. fusiforme. The contents of crude protein, mannitol and laminarin were appreciably high in E. cava and low in H. fusiforme in general. 3. The most outstanding feature in the seasonal variation was that, in general, the total ash, crude protein, and alginic acid contents were at a maximum in the winter months while laminarin and mannitol contents were at a minimum. The converse was true in summer. Total ash-Maximum values were observed from December to February and minimum from August till October. Crude Protein-All species exhibited maxima in January and February, and minima from August to October. Alginic acid-Maximum contents occured from January to March and minimum from September to November. Mannitol-The maximum content of mannitol was In May and lune and minimum in January, February and March. Leminerin-Maximum content was in September and October, and minimum in January and February. 4. The wide seasonal variation in chemical constitution occured in the fronds, but the stipes showed a slight seasonal variation. In the chemical composition, the stipe was high in alginic acid, low in mannitol and laminarin. The reverse was in the frond.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.177-189
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• 2001

Multicarrier DS-CDMA is an effective approach to combat fading and various kinds of interference. In this paper, we present an overlapped multicarrier DS-CDMA system, wherein each of the rate 1/M convolutionally-encoded symbols is also repetition coded and transmitted using overlapped multicarriers. However, since the frequency spectrums of successive carriers are allowed to overlap, the transmission bandwidth is more efficiently utilized. The effect of the overlapping percentage between successive carriers of a multicarrier DS-CDMA system on the performance is investigated to determine the overlapping percentage showing the best performance. We suggest two methods for sub-band overlapping variation. One is to allow variation of sub-band overlapping percentage when the total number of subcarriers is fixed. The other is to increase the number of sub-bands (the number of repetitions R) with fixed sub-band bandwidth. Given a total number of subcarriers MR, we show that the BER variation is highly dependent on the roll-off factor ${\beta}$ of a raised-cosine chip wave-shaping filter irrespective of convolutional encoding rate 1/M and repetition coding rate 1/R. We also analyze the possibility of reduction in total multi-user interference by considering the variation of both the roll-off factor ($0<{\beta}{\leq}1$) and the sub-band overlapping factor ($0<{\lambda}{\leq}2$), and show that the proposed system may outperform the multicarrier DS-CDMA system in [3].

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.175-179
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• 2008

Cornus controversa is a long-lived woody species mostly distributed in East Asia. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of Korean populations of this species. A high level of genetic variation was found in seven populations of C. controversa. The mean genetic diversity (H) was 0.222 across populations, varying from 0.200 to 0.238. Eighty of the 93 loci (86.0%) showed detectable polymorphism in at least one population. Total genetic diversity values ($H_T$) varied between 0.192 and 0.231, giving an average overall polymorphic loci of 0.212. The interlocus variation of genetic diversity within populations ($H_S$) was high (0.167). Mean of genetic diversity in C. controversa was higher than average values for species with similar life history traits. The sexual reproduction, perennial habitat, and longevity are proposed as possible factors contributing to high genetic diversity. On a per locus basis, the proportion of total genetic variation due to differences among populations ($G_{ST}$) ranged from 0.169 to 0.278 with a mean of 0.216, indicating that about 21.6% of the total genetic variation was among populations. An indirect estimate of the number of migrants per generation (Nm=1.893) indicated that gene flow was extensive among Korean populations of C. controversa.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2004

Fish catch by a set net in Hamdeuk fishing ground off Jeju Island were studied to determine seasonal variation of species composition and catch from 1998 to 2000. A total 72,022.9 kg was caught during the survey period, including Scomber japonicus and Trachurus japonicus of $76.4\%$ in the total. The other dominant species were Siganus fuscescens, Loligo chinesis, Seriola dumerili, Sepioteuthis lessoniana, Sardinops melanostictus, and Seriola lalandi accounting to $20.0\%$ of the total. The fishing period conducted by a set net in Hamdeuk fishing ground were from May to November. The catch by a set net were higher in summer than in spring and autumn and closely related with the seasonal variation of sea water temperature. The catch was higher in 1998 than In 1999 and 2000, which was related to the sea water temperature in fishing ground.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.426-435
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• 2012

The variation of stream flow is the one of the most important factors which influence on that of water quality in the unit watershed. The target water quality goal is established and permissible load is allotted in the base of the standard flow condition along with its water quality for the management of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). A standard flow selected could cause problems in the load allotment if it was not properly arranged. This study reviewed the acquisition of water quality data, the self-variation and the retainability in water quality on the specific flow conditions. This study also proposed the median and the adjusted average flow condition out of general flow conditions as alternative standard flow conditions. It is considered that the alternatives can make the water quality data easily acquired and the water quality representativeness more enhanced on the standard flow conditions.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 2013

Typical of large, oligotrophic lakes, Lake H$\ddot{o}$vsg$\ddot{o}$l, Mongolia, exhibits complex morphometry which should support a spatially heterogeneous community of benthic macroinvertrates. The lake also exhibits a broad range of land uses. Based on the variation in land use and complex physical habitat of the lake (e.g. substrate variation and presence of affluent streams in bays), we asked two questions. First, does density of total benthic macroinvertebrates vary between different bays in Lake H$\ddot{o}$vsg$\ddot{o}$l? Second, does density of individual benthic taxa vary by bay? Samples collected in 1997, the last year for benthic sampling of the lake, were designed to test for variation in macroinvertebrate density between bays and can now be used to establish baseline variation in density for future studies. A total of 56 Ponar grab samples were analyzed from six bays in Lake H$\ddot{o}$vsg$\ddot{o}$l. Results of a general linear model analysis of variance showed that total density of macroinvertebrates varied only slightly between bays of the lake, but that most individual taxa showed significant variation between bays. Variation in density for most taxa was linked to substrate composition rather than other geographic or physical variables in the lake. Recent increases in grazing intensity and ecotourism along the shores should be managed to reduce the nutrient load into the lake to avoid impairment of the benthic biota of this unique, ancient ecosystem.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.374-386
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• 2000

This study investigated the relation between seasonal variation of total clothing weight, room, outdoor temperature and basal metabolic rate in man. The basal metabolic rate and total clothing weight, room temperature was determined seasonal for a period of two years and grouped four seasons. Subjects (adults volunteers) who live in seoul and mokpo were compose 120 subject The results were obtained as follows. Seasonal outdoor temperature was difference of seoul and. mokpo. But room temperature in apartments was a little difference than private house. Total-clothing weight is showed seasonal variations at the seoul, private house than at the mokpo, apartment.. The basal metabolic rate is suggested there in gender difference in the basal metabolic rate (P〈.001). The basal metabolic rate increased gradually with the peak of winter sespectively and deceased again todward summer. The difference of between basal metabolic rate in summer and winter was significant room temperature, of seoul and private house, and light total clothing weight.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.83-86
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• 1969

The present investigations were made with the purpose of elucidating the seasonal variation in total nitrogen content of Gelidium amansii. Monthly samples were collected from the sea near pusan, from August 1957 to June 1959. The results obtained have been summarized as follows: The maximum total nitrogen content of Gelidium amansii was observed during the months of January and February, and the minimum content was observed in June and July Thus the total nitrogen content of Gelidium amansii exhibited a considerable periodic change throughout the year. The recommended harvest time of Gelidium amansii with regard to total nitrogen content, is from May to October, but on the other hand the proper harvest time is from May to June, with respect to the season of spore-formation and its propagation.