• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.96-103
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• 2009

This study was fulfilled to investigate the forest fire risk of forest fuels based on the combustion characteristics of living leaves of coniferous trees and broadleaf trees naturally growing in Youngdong areas of Gangwon Province by using cone calorimeter and smoke density chamber. According to the result, Pinus densiflora and Pinus rigida among coniferous trees released a greater amount of heat release than other kinds. The total smoke release varied depending on the species, whereas Pinus koraiensis showed the largest amount of smoke release. With regard to maximum smoke density, it was much higher in coniferous trees than in broadleaf trees. With regard to smoke temperature, Pinus densiflora showed the lowest compared to other kinds up until 200s from the ignition, but all most trees uniformly maintained constant temperature of about $70^{\circ}C$ after 200s. The concentrations of CO and $CO_2$ release were drastically increased at about 150s and then gradually decreased thereafter. Pinus densiflora showed a bit higher CO release than broadleaf trees, but there was no distinct difference in $CO_2$ release among tress.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.15-20
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• 2018

In this study, we have performed the Cone Calorimeter test and Smoke density test in accordance with ISO 5660-1 and ASTM E662 respectively to check the smoke production characteristics of rubber flooring materials for railway vehicle. Early in the ASTM E662 test, more smoke was produced in the flame mode test than non-flame mode test, but later more smoke was produced in non-flame mode test. The correlation($R^2$) between TSR(Total Smoke Release) by ISO 5660-1 and Ds(Specific Optical Density) by ASTM E662 Flame mode was 0.782. The $R^2$ between TSR by ISO 5660-1 and Ds by ASTM E662 Non-flame was 0.930.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.55-59
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• 2004

Composite materials were used widely due to merit of light weight, low maintenance cost and easy installation. But it is the cause of enormous casualties to men and properties because of weak about the fire. Particularly, it is more serious in case of subway train installed composite materials. For this reason, experimental comparison has been done fur measuring heat release rate(H.R.R) and smoke production rate(S.P.R) of interior panels of electric motor car using cone calorimeter. A high radiative heat flux of 50kW/㎡ was used to bum out all materials and to simulate the condition of fully developed fire case in the tests. It was observed that Heat Release Rate and Smoke Production Rate curves were dependent on the kinds of the interior materials. From the heat release rate curves, the sustained ignition time, peak heat release rate and total heat release rate were deduced, These data are useful in classifying the materials by calculating two parameters describing the possibility to flashover.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.20-24
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• 2017

In this study, we have performed the Cone Calorimeter test in accordance with ISO 5660-1 to check the combustion characteristics of building flooring materials. The fire risk of these materials were evaluated by construction code, KFI criteria and standards of flame retardant performance. When samples exposed to external heat flux, all samples consumed a lot of Oxygen for a long time. So heat release from sample burning continued so long. And also all samples produced so much smoke. Even though a few samples were satisfied with only peak heat release rate criteria, all 8 samples were not satisfied with criteria of peak heat release rate and total heat released together. The results of 5 min total heat released were $15.9MJ/m^2{\sim}5.9MJ/m^2$. It menas the results are more than 2~6 times higher than the criteria. The results of 10 min total heat released were $30.1MJ/m^2{\sim}100.8MJ/m^2$. It means the results are more than 3~12 times higher than the criteria. 6 of 8 samples were not satisfied with Dm.corr.(corrected maximum smoke density) criteria. The building flooring materials which we used for this test ignited very fast and the burning continued so long. It means these samples are susceptible to fire.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.85-90
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• 2010

In this study, we have examined the monthly combustion characteristics of Quercus variabilis, a representing Quercus Spp. in Korea, using its living leaves over the period of from June to October. As a result, we were able to identify that their moisture content was about 114%~155%. The leaves of Quercus variabilis collected in October showed the lowest moisture content and nonflaming ignition temperature. The leaves of July showed the fastest flaming ignition time of 27s while those from September showed the longest persistence of flame with 105s, and also showed the highest total heat release amount. There was a noticeable difference in each month of the above period regarding total heat release amount and total smoke release amount with a gradual increase from June to October. The maximum smoke density was a bit higher in October leaves but there was no significant monthly difference. In addition, July leaves were shown to reach the maximum value in the shortest time of 795s.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.251-254
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• 2007

Veneer plate was painted by the treatment with ammonium salts such as ammonium chloride (AMCR), ammonium sulfate (AMSF), monoammonium phosphate (MAPP), and diammonium phosphate (DAPP) at room temperature. The flame retardancy of painted veneer plate was investigated. The painted veneer plate shows an increased $CO/CO_2$ over virgin veneer and it was supposed to affect the toxicity to different extents. But when the ammonium salts were used as the retardant for veneer, the flame retardancy was improved due to the painted ammonium salts in the veneers. Also, the veneer plates with ammonium sulfate and ammonium chloride showed both the lower total smoke release (TSR) and lower total smoke production (TSP) than that of virgin veneer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate the fire retardant performance of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGnP) applied for particleboard. This work measured heat release rate(HRR), total heat release(THR) and smoke production rate(SPR) of xGnP added particleboard, using cone calorimeter to assess its fire characteristics according to the KS F ISO 5660-1 standard code. Heat release rates of all specimens treated by xGnP were less than the $200kW/m^2$ for a total experiment period of five minutes. Heat release rates of the specimens coated with xGnP were lower than those of the specimens made by mixing wood particles with xGnP directly. Meanwhile, the total heat release rates of xGnP coated specimen maintained quite lower level than the uncoated so the xGnP coating were effective in improving the fire retardant performance of particleboard. However, the smoke emission peaking problem at the initial combustion period, which was caused by adding base coating materials, should be resolved for further satisfaction as a fire retardant materials.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.119-124
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• 2011

In this study, we measured the smoke density characteristics to find the fire risk of Wood-Plastic composites (WPCs) which are one of spotlighting materials for landscape architecture and residential construction material with the cone calorimeter tester (by ISO 5660-2) and the smoke density tester (by ASTM E 662). In addition, the identical test was implemented to compare the smoke density characteristics between the red pine and the antiseptic wood. The result of cone calorimeter test showed that emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and total smoke production rate of WPCs were higher than those of red pine and antiseptic wood. And the result of smoke density test showed that maximum specific optical smoke density(Dm) of WPCs was higher than that of red pine and antiseptic wood as well.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.3
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• pp.290-296
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• 2009

In this study, we considered the combustion of the various herbs in youngdong areas such as festuca ovina, isodeon japonicus, oplismenus undulatifolius, pueraria thunbergiana, and cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense using the ignition temperature tester, cone calorimeter, smoke density chamber. We confirmed that the range of ignition temperature was $400{\sim}455^{\circ}C$ and the time to ignition and flameout were not recorded. The total heat release of isodeon japonicus was highest and the smoke release of festuca ovina was highest, and the yield of CO and $CO_2$ of pueraria thunbergiana, and cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense were highest among the samples. As a result, we concluded that isodeon japonicus will impact the fire intensity and fire spread and festuca ovina, pueraria thunbergiana, and cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense will influence the refuge.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.81-87
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• 2009

In this study, we have investigated the combustibility of five shrubs growing in Youngdong area such as Lindera obtusiloba, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Zanthoxylum piperitum, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, and Corylus heterophylla var. thunbergii using the ignition temperature tester, the cone calorimeter and the smoke density chamber in order to estimate the danger of a forest fire. The results showed that Lespedeza maximowiczii has the lowest ignition temperature, the fastest ignition time and the highest average release concentrations of CO and $CO_2$. Zanthoxylum piperitum and Zanthoxylum schinifolium showed the highest level in heat release and smoke release, respectively. Therefore, we have concluded that Lespedeza maximowiczii has the highest ignitibility, Zanthoxylum piperitum the most intensive fire spread and fire intensity, and Zanthoxylum schinifolium and Lespedeza maximowiczii most difficult to escape from a forest fire.