• 식품과학과 산업
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.166-175
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• 2022

Current food system has developed with the agricultural innovation to feed the increasing population of the world, but with high costs such as environmental contamination and inequality with low sustainability. Human has developed long history of mutualistic interaction with honey bee. This manuscript describes the multi-functionality of honey bee for food production. Firstly honey bee produces honey, bee pollen, royal jelly and propolis which are rich in functionality. Second honey bee serves as the main pollinator for crop production which is worth for 28% of total crop production values in Korea. Lastly honey bee can be an alternative meat produciton system with lower energy, carbon costs but higher nutritional security. This manuscript described those parts and discussed the multi-functionality of honey bees for eco-friendly food security pursuing lowered environmental cost and carbon-zero strategies in the climate change era.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.28-39
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• 2016

건물부분의 온실가스 감축을 위하여 2002년 정부는 녹색건축인증제도(G-SEED Certification)를 도입하였다. 그러나 정부의 각종 활성화정책에도 불구하고 공동주택부분의 인증건수는 전체 공동주택 사업승인건수의 1% 내외에 불과한 실정이다. 이러한 상황에서 정부의 정책은 대부분 공급자를 대상으로 하고 있으며, 정책개선 방안에 대한 연구도 대부분 공급자를 중심으로 이루어지고 있음을 알 수 있다. 하지만 주택시장은 시장의 참여자인 수요자와 공급자의 상호영향을 통해 작동되기 때문에 한쪽에 치우친 시각이 아닌 그들의 포괄적인 관계과 동태성을 고려해야할 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 녹색건축인증 공동주택시장을 수요자와 공급자의 의사결정을 토대로 분석하여, 시스템다이내믹스 연구 모델을 작성한다. 그리고 해당 모델에서 현재 시행중인 정부의 인증 활성화정책이 어떻게 작용하는지 살펴봄으로써 그 실효성을 분석하고자 한다. 이를 통해 향후 녹색건축인증제도의 활성화 정책 방향제시를 위한 기초를 마련할 수 있을 것이라 기대할 수 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권10호
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• pp.1299-1307
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• 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary antioxidant and energy density on performance and antioxidative status in transition cows. Forty cows were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments in a $2{\times}2$ factorial design. High or low energy density diets (1.43 or 1.28 Mcal $NE_L$/kg DM, respectively) were formulated with or without antioxidant (AOX, a dry granular blend of ethoxyquin and tertiary-butylhydroquinone; 0 or 5 g/cow per d). These diets were fed to cows for 21 days pre-partum. During the post-partum period, all cows were fed the same lactation diets, and AOX treatment followed as for the pre-partum period. Feeding a high energy diet depressed the DMI, milk yield, and 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM) of cows. However, AOX inclusion in the diet improved the milk and 4% FCM yields. There was an interaction of energy density by AOX on milk protein, milk fat and total solids contents. Feeding a high energy diet pre-partum increased plasma glucose and ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate, whereas dietary AOX decreased plasma ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate value during the transition period. There were also interactions between time and treatment for plasma glutathione peroxidase activity and malondialdehyde content during the study. Cows fed high energy diets pre-partum had higher plasma glutathione peroxidase activity 3 days prior to parturition, compared with those on low energy diets. Inclusion of AOX in diets decreased plasma glutathione peroxidase activity in cows 3 and 10 days pre-partum. Addition of AOX significantly decreased malondialdehyde values at calving. Energy density induced marginal changes in fatty acid composition in the erythrocyte membrane 3 days post-partum, while AOX only significantly increased cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid composition. The increase in fluidity of the erythrocyte membrane was only observed in the high energy treatment. It is suggested that a diet containing high energy density pre-partum may negatively affect the anti-oxidative status, DMI and subsequent performance. Addition of AOX may improve the anti-oxidative status and reduce plasma ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate, eventually resulting in improved lactation performance; the response to AOX addition was more pronounced on the high energy diet.

• 임산에너지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2003

아까시나무에 있어서 알레로파시 효과를 분석하기 위해 아까시나무를 포함하여 13개 수 종에 대한 종자발아 시험을 실시하였다. 아까시나무의 뿌리와 잎의 침출액을 실험에 사용하였다. 침출액에 대한 종자 발아실험 결과 수종에 따라 실험결과가 크게 다르게 나타났다. 아까시나무 잎 침출액에서 아까시나무 종자 발아는 30%가 억제되었다. 실험한 수종가운데 무궁화와 오리나무는 뿌리 침출액에서 억제되었으나 누운측백나무는 잎의 침출액에서 발아가 억제되었다. 아까시나무의 잎과 뿌리 침출액을 HPLC분석 한 결과 알레로파시 효과를 가지고 있는 8종류의 authentic phenolic compounds를 찾아냈다. 잎에서는 전체 페놀물질 중 40%를 차지하고 있는 gentisic acid를 뿌리에서는 syringic acid와 vanillicacid를 발견하였다. 전체적으로 볼 때 뿌리에서.보다 잎에서 7배가 많은 phenolic acids가 추출되었다 조사된 8개 phenolic acid 중에서 뿌리에서는 vanillin만이 잎에서는 coumaricacid 만이 발견 되었다. 결과적으로 13수종 중에 3개 수종에서 잎과 뿌리의 침출액에서 종자 발아가 억제되었다. 종자발아 시험결과 아까시나무의 화학물질의 상호작용은 수종에 따라 차이가 많이 있음을 밝혀냈다. 아까시나무의 phenolic compound 총량은 알레로파시 역할에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았으나 이들 물길의 상승효과가 주요한 역할을 하는 것으로 추정 하였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.330-338
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• 2017

Background: Ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2) is a ginseng saponin that is widely investigated because of its remarkable antitumor activity. However, the molecular mechanism by which (20S) G-Rh2 triggers its functions and how target animals avoid its cytotoxic action remains largely unknown. Methods: Phage display was used to screen the human targets of (20S) G-Rh2. Fluorescence spectroscopy and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy were used to confirm the interaction of candidate target proteins and (20S) G-Rh2. Molecular docking was utilized to calculate the estimated free energy of binding and to structurally visualize their interactions. MTT assay and immunoblotting were used to assess whether human serum albumin (HSA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and bovine serum can reduce the cytotoxic activity of (20S) G-Rh2 in HepG2 cells. Results: In phage display, (20S) G-Rh2-beads and (20R) G-Rh2-beads were combined with numerous kinds of phages, and a total of 111 different human complementary DNAs (cDNA) were identified, including HSA which had the highest rate. The binding constant and number of binding site in the interaction between (20S)-Rh2 and HSA were $3.5{\times}10^5M^{-1}$ and 1, and those in the interaction between (20S) G-Rh2 and BSA were $1.4{\times}10^5M^{-1}$ and 1. The quenching mechanism is static quenching. HSA, BSA and bovine serum significantly reduced the proapoptotic effect of (20S) G-Rh2. Conclusion: HSA and BSA interact with (20S) G-Rh2. Serum inhibited the activity of (20S) G-Rh2 mainly due to the interaction between (20S) G-Rh2 and serum albumin (SA). This study proposes that HSA may enhance (20S) G-Rh2 water solubility, and thus might be used as nanoparticles in the (20S) G-Rh2 delivery process.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.273-283
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• 2018

사료 에너지 수준(고, 저), 깔짚 종류(왕겨, 톱밥), 성별(암 수) 등 세 요인을 각각 달리하여 한협 3호 육계(토종닭)를 대상으로 연구한 결과는 다음과 같다. 깔짚, 사료에너지 수준, 성별 모두 증체량에 영향을 미쳤고, 이들 요인 간 상호효과도 나타났다. 성별에 따라 사료섭취량에 차이가 나타났으나 깔짚이나 사료에너지 수준은 특정 일령의 사료섭취량에만 영향을 미쳤다. 사료요구율은 고 에너지 사료에서 낮았으나, 41~75일령 사료요구율은 차이가 없었다. 지방 이외의 영양소 이용률은 모두 암컷에 비하여 수컷이 높았으며, 지방의 이용률은 성별에 상관없이 저에너지 사료에서 높았다. 가슴육의 색은 사료 에너지 수준과 성별에 따라 달랐고, 다리육의 TBARS가는 암컷에서 높았다. 가슴육의 지방함량은 암컷에서, 다리육의 인과 수분 함량은 수컷에서 높았다. 본 연구로 한협 3호에 대한 사료 에너지 수준, 특히 대부분의 증체가 이루어지는 41~75일령 기간의 사료 에너지 수준을 설정할 때 암 수 간 차이를 두는 것이 바람직하며, 56일령 이후 암컷에는 고 에너지 사료가 오히려 증체량이나 사료요구율에서 불리하다는 점을 알게 되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.376-380
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• 2006

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of temperature and pH on in vitro nutrient degradability, volatile fatty acid profile and methane production. The fermenter used was the semi-continuous system, known as the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC). Sixteen cylinders were used at one time with a volume of 800 ml, the dilution rate was set at 3.5%/hour, the infused buffer being McDougall's artificial saliva. Basal diet (9.6 g DM) used in RUSITEC consisted of (DM) 6.40 g Timothy hay, 1.86 g crushed corn and 1.34 g soybean meal. The food for the fermentation vessel was provided in nylon bags, which were gently agitated in the liquid phase. The experiment lasted for 17 d with all the samples taken during the last 5 d. Treatments were allocated at random to four vessels each and were (1) two temperature levels of $39^{\circ}C$ and $41^{\circ}C$ (2) two pH levels of 6.0 and 7.0. The total diet contained ($g\;kg^{-1}$ DM) 957 OM, 115 CP and $167MJ\;kg^{-1}$ (DM) GE. Although increase in temperature from $39^{\circ}C$ to $41^{\circ}C$ reduced degradation of major nutrients in vitro, it was non-significant. Interaction effect of temperature with pH also reflected a similar trend. However, pH showed a significant (p<0.05) negative effect on the degradability of all the nutrients in vitro. Altering the in vitro pH from 7 to 6 caused marked reduction in DMD from 60.2 to 41.8, CPD from 76.3 to 55.3 and GED from 55.3 to 35.1, respectively. Low pH (6) depressed total VFA production (61.9 vs. 34.9 mM) as well as acetate to propionate ratio in vitro (from 2.0 to 1.5) when compared to pH 7. Compared to pH 7, total gas production decreased from 1,841 ml to 1,148 ml at pH 6, $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ production also reduced from 639 to 260 ml and 138 to 45 ml, respectively. This study supported the premise that pH is one of the principal factors affecting the microbial production of volatile fatty acids and gas. Regulating the ruminal pH to increase bacterial activity may be one of the methods to optimize VFA production, reduce methane and, possibly, improve animal performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.1483-1489
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• 2016

Most of amino acid (AA) digestibility values for feed ingredients are obtained using pigs cannulated in the distal ileum. The ileal-cannulated pig model uses pigs older than six weeks due to difficulties related to implanting the T-cannula in distal ileum of younger pigs and complications during the post-surgical recovery. However, to properly formulate the diet of weaned pigs, the nutritive value of feed ingredients should be determined with younger pigs. Thus, 25 weaned pigs were used to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, energy, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) ileal AA digestibility of broken rice (BR), with or without multicarbohydrase (MC) and phytase (Phy) supplementation. Piglets were weaned at 23 d of age and individually housed in digestibility cages until 45 d of age. The trial consisted of 7 d of adaptation to the experimental diets and 3 d of excreta (feces and urine) collection. Ileal digesta was collected at slaughter (about 6 weeks of age). A completely randomized experimental design was used to determine the effects of MC and Phy. Reference diets (RD, 5% casein) was replaced by 30% of BR with or without MC, Phy, or MC+Phy. The RD was used to quantify endogenous AA losses. BR with Phy supplied had increased the ATTD of dry matter (p<0.05) and SID of histidine (p = 0.05), arginine, leucine, lysine, valine, alanine, and proline (p<0.05). BR with MC had been increased digestible energy and protein and SID for histidine (p<0.05). There was no interaction between Phy and MC on the BR nutrient digestibilities. Standardized amino acid digestibilities of BR, without enzymes, were lower than those values reported in the literature. The MC and Phy improved the digestibility of some nutrients and energy of BR in post-weaned piglet diets.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.165-178
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 고속철도차량(TGV)이 교량 상을 통과할 경우 교량의 동적 거동을 해석하기 위한 단순화된 3차원 차량-교량 상호작용해석 모델을 제시한다. 축하중 편심 모델링 방법을 도입하여 교량에 작용하는 축하중에 의한 비틀림력과 교량의 비틀림 회전변위의 영향을 고려하여 보다 정확한 교량의 거동에 대한 해석 결과를 얻는다. 앞기관차, 뒷기관차, 객차들에 대해서 운동에너지, 포텐셜에너지, 감쇠에너지를 차량과 교량의 자유도로 각각 나타내고, Lagrange의 운동방정식을 적용하여 차량과 교량의 운동방정식을 유도한다. 또한, 차량-교량 사이에 상호작용을 고려하여 교량에 작용하게 되는 하중에 관한 식을 유도하며, 이러한 하중을 받는 교량의 운동 방정식이 구성된다. 시간경과에 따라 차량의 위치를 결정하면서 그 위치에 따른 차량-교량 시스템의 질량행렬, 강성행렬, 감쇠행렬, 그리고 하중벡터를 구성할 수 있고, Newmark의 β방법(평균가속도법)을 이용하여 전체 차량-교량 시스템의 거동을 해석한다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권11호
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• pp.3808-3815
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• 2021

In this paper, the EPICS2017 photoatomic database was used to evaluate the photon mass attenuation coefficients and buildup factors of soils collected at different depths in the Philippine islands. The extraction and interpolation of the library was accomplished at the recommended linear-linear scales to obtain the incoherent and total cross section and mass attenuation coefficient. The buildup factors were evaluated using the G-P fitting method in ANSI/ANS-6.4.3. An agreement was achieved between XCOM, MCNP5, and EPICS2017 for the calculated mass attenuation coefficient values. The buildup factors were reported at several penetration depths within the standard energy grid. The highest values of both buildup factor classifications were found in the energy range between 100 and 400 keV where incoherent scattering interaction probabilities are predominant, and least at the region of predominant photoionization events. The buildup factors were examined as a function of different soil silica contents. The soil samples with larger silica concentrations were found to have higher buildup factor values and hence lower shielding characteristics, while conversely, those with the least silica contents have increased shielding characteristics brought by the increased proportions of the abundant heavier oxides.