• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.617-625
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• 2010

Rapid industrialization has brought Nam-Hae area serious environmental problems associated with released oil and other hydrocarbons. In this work, in order to enhance the quality of the shoreline sediment we made enviro-chemical analyses of its substances, TPHs and microbial growth after treating with oxygen releasing compound(ORC) such as $MgO_2$. Total organic compound(TOC) was reduced from 33.45% to 25.1~31.08% meanwhile COD decreased from 27.5~28.9mg/$g{\cdot}dry$ to 19.9~26.1mg/$g{\cdot}dry$ for input of 2~10% $MgO_2$ in 20days. For 10% $MgO_2$ input, TP and TN were reduced by 13.3% and 18.8%, respectively. Most of all TPH was decomposed by max. 42.4% in 21days, and the total viable count of microbes was found to be exponentially increased by 75.9%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.268-273
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• 1995

To study the nutritional value of warty sea squirt, Styela clava, which is one kind of urochoda and it has been used as special seafood stuffs by Korean, the seasonal variations of nutrient was investigated. The moisture content was ranged from 83.6% to 86.8% in experimental period. Maximun glycogen content showed up in June (3.7g/100g sample). The protein(N$\times$6.25) and lipid content varied with glycogen whereas ash content was not changed remarkably, showing 2.8$\pm$0.3%. Predominant minerals in edible portion and integuments were sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium in order. Predominant constitutiional amino acids were asparagine, glutamic acid, taurine, aspartic acid, lysine and glycine and amino acids occupied 50% of the total amino acid. Porportion of nonpolar lipid to total lipid increased from April to early June while polar lipid level decreased. The neutral lipid was composed of triglyceride(59.32%) and free sterol(23.52%), and followed by diglycerides, monoglycerides, esterified sterols and hydrocarbon, free fatty acid. The phospholipid was mainly composed with phosphatidyl choline(49.7%), and phosphatidyl ethanolamine(33.0%). The major fatty acids of the total lipid in warty sea squirt were C20 : 5(17%), C22 : 6(13.76%), C16 : o(13.91%) and C16 : 1(12.52%).

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to provide a basis for studying the molecular mechanism of pharmacological action of chlorhexidine digluconate. Large unilamellar vesicles (OPGTL) were prepared with total lipids extracted from cultured Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membranes (OPG). The anthroyloxy probes were located at a graded series of depths inside a membrane, depending on its substitution position (n) in the aliphatic chain. Fluorescence polarization of n-(9-anthroyloxy)stearic acid was used to examine effects of chlorhexidine digluconate on differential rotational mobility, while changing the probes' substitution position (n) in the membrane phospholipids aliphatic chain. Magnitude of the rotational mobility of the intact six membrane components differed depending on the substitution position in the descending order of 16-(9-anthroyloxy)palmitic acid (16-AP), 12, 9, 6, 3 and 2-(9-anthroyloxy)stearic acid (12-AS, 9-AS, 6-AS, 3-AS and 2-AS). Chlorhexidine digluconate increased in a dose-dependent manner the rate of rotational mobility of hydrocarbon interior of the OPGTL prepared with total lipids extracted from cultured OPG, but decreased the mobility of membrane interface of the OPGTL. Disordering or ordering effects of chlorhexidine digluconate on membrane lipids may be responsible for some, but not all of its bacteriostatic and bactericidal actions.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.191-199
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• 1992

Selective quenching of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) by trinitrophenyl groups was utilized to examine the transbilayer fluidity asymmetry of model membranes of total lipids (SPMVTL) extracted from synaptosomal plasma membrane vesicles (SPMV). The polarization (P), anisotropy (r), limiting anisotropy $(r_{\infty})$, and order parameter (S) of DPH in the inner monolayer were 0.031, 0.025, 0.033, and 0.070, respectively, greater than calculated for the outer monolayer of SPMVTL. Selective quenching of DPH by trinitrophenyl groups was also utilized to examine the effects of n-alkanols on the individual monolayer structure of SPMVTL. n-Alkanols fluidized the hydrocarbon region of bulk SPMVTL, and the potencies of n-alkanols up to 1-nonanol increased with carbon chain length. It appears that the potencies in bilayer fluidization increase by 1 order of magnitude as the carbon chain length increases by two carbon atoms. The cut-off phenomenon was reached at 1-decanol, where further increase in hydrocarbon length resulted in a decrease in pharmacological activity. The n-alkanols had greater fluidizing effects on the outer monolayer as compared to the inner monolayer of SPMVTL, even though these selective effects tended to become weaker as carbon chain length increased. Thus, it has been proven that n-alkanols exhibit selective rather than nonselective fluidizing effects within transbilayer domains of SPMVTL.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.885-893
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• 2014

This research reports the enhanced Electrokinetic (EK) with $H_2O_2$ and sodium dodecyl surfate (SDS), which are commonly used in Fenton oxidation and soil flushing method, in order to remediate soil contaminated with heavy metals and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) simultaneously. In addition, influences of property of soil and concentration of chemical solution were investigated through experiments of different types of soils and varying concentration of chemical reagents. The results indicated, in the experiments using artificially contaminated soil, the highest removal efficiency of heavy metals using 10% $H_2O_2$ and 20mM SDS as electrolytes. However, in the experiments using Yong-San soils (study area), remediation efficiency of heavy metals was decreased because high acid buffering capacity. Through experiment of 20% $H_2O_2$ and 40mM SDS, increased electric current influences the remediation of heavy metals due to decrease in the soil pH. In the experiments of Yong-San soils, the remediation efficiency of TPH was decreased compared with artificially spiked soils because high acid buffering capacity and organic carbon contents. Furthermore, the scavenger effect of SDS influenced TPH oxidation efficiency under the conditions of injected 40mM SDS in the soils. Therefore, the property of soil and concentration of chemical reagents cause the electroosmotic flow, soil pH, remediation efficiency of heavy metals and TPH.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.519-530
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• 2014

Twenty four individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds both in gas- and particle-phase were quantified in three tunnels (Namsan Tunnel 3, Jeongneung Tunnel, Bukak Tunnel) to characterize vehiculate emission of PAHs. Gas phase PAHs were dominant in tunnels which consisted of 85% of total PAHs concentrations. Naphthalene and 2-methyl naphthalene were the most abundant gas phase PAH compounds, while the concentrations of fluoranthene and pyrene were highest in the particle phase. Most (96%) of the gas phase PAH compounds consisted of two- and three-aromatic rings whereas most of the particle phase PAHs were in four and five-rings (67%) in tunnels. Average BaP-eq concentrations of PAHs in the particle phase ($20.8{\pm}11.6ngm^{-3}$) was about twenty fold higher than that in the gas phase ($1.6{\pm}0.6ngm^{-3}$). It means that the particle phase PAHs has more adverse health effect than the gas phase PAHs even though the concentrations of the particle phase PAHs were lower than those of the gas phase PAHs. Compared to previous studies reporting diagnostic ratios for specific PAH compounds, the profile of individual PAH compounds measured in this study reflected well for the vehiculate emissions. We reported, for the first time, on the results of the profile of individual PAH compounds measured in tunnels for both gas and particle phases.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.192-197
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• 1999

The contents of total lipids and their components of brown rice grain were studied for 5 colored rice cultivars, 1 aromatic rice cultivar and 1 normal rice cultivar grown in Korea. The total lipid contents ranged 2.04 to 4.69% based on total dry weight. The Tohoku #149 showed the highest content which was followed by Hansanheukmi and Sanghaehyang-hyeolna. The lowest content were observed in three cultivars, Heuknambyeo, Hyangnambyo and Dongjinbyeo which showed no difference among cultivars. The main classes of the total lipid were triglyceride, diglyceride, free sterol, free fatty acid and sterol esters in all cultivars examined. The ratio of triglyceride in total lipid was high in colored rice and aromatic rice compared to Dongjinbyeo which is normal rice cultivars, but the ratio of diglyceride was high in Dongjinbyeo. The major fatty acid compositions in the cultivars examined were linoleic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid. There was a varietal difference in fatty acid composition, for example, erucic acid was detected in aromatic and colored rices cultivars, while none of this compound was found in Dongjinbyeo.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1648-1655
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• 2010

The flavor extracts of Mideoduck muscle and its juices were concentrated by simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) methods. Each component present in the extracts was identified with GC and GC-MS by the n-paraffin hydrocarbon retention index and standard MS library data system. By SDE, $371.3\;{\mu}g/g$ of hexanal, $80.1\;{\mu}g/g$ of 1-tridecanol, $72.1\;{\mu}g/g$ of (Z)-4,5-dimethylhex-2-en-4-ol with other alcohols, aldehydes and acids were present in the flavor extracts, with the alcohols having the highest composition and being the most important factor in Mideoduck muscle flavor. By SPME, 9 alcohols, 1 acid, 1 aldehyde, 1 hydrocarbon, 1 ester, 1 amine and 2 ketones were detected in the extracts, with alcohol such as 1-nonanol, 1-decanol and 1-tridecanol as the major components. In SPME, the muscle sample, consisting of $31.6\;{\mu}g/g$ of 1-nonanol, $20.3\;{\mu}g/g$ of (E)-2-butenedioic acid dibutylester, and $26.7\;{\mu}g/g$ of heptadecanoic acid made up the 62.1% of total flavor extracts of Mideoduck muscle. The results of the SPME methods were similar to the composition of the raw material flavor of the sample even at a low concentration.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.159-167
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• 2010

To provide a basis for studying the pharmacological actions of tetracaine HCl, we analyzed the membrane activities of this local anesthetic. The n-(9-anthroyloxy) stearic and palmitic acid (n-AS) probes (n = 2, 6, 9, 12 and 16) have been used previously to examine fluorescence polarization gradients. These probes can report the environment at a graded series of depths from the surface to the center of the membrane bilayer structure. In a dosedependent manner, tetracaine HCl decreased the anisotropies of 6-AS, 9-AS, 12-AS and 16-AP in the hydrocarbon interior of synaptosomal plasma membrane vesicles isolated from bovine cerebral cortex (SPMV), and liposomes derived from total lipids (SPMVTL) and phospholipids (SPMVPL) extracted from the SPMV. However, this compound increased the anisotropy of 2-AS at the membrane interface. The magnitude of the membrane rotational mobility reflects the carbon atom numbers of the phospholipids comprising SPMV, SPMVTL and SPMVPL and was in the order of the 16, 12, 9, 6, and 2 positions of the aliphatic chains. The sensitivity of the effects of tetracaine HCl on the rotational mobility of the hydrocarbon interior or surface region was dependent on the carbon atom numbers in the descending order 16-AP, 12-AS, 9-AS, 6-AS and 2-AS and on whether neuronal or model membranes were involved in the descending order SPMV, SPMVPL and SPMVTL.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.408-412
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Influence of oil concentration and inoculum size on petroleum biodegradation in soil by Nocardia sp. H17-1, isolated from oil-contaminated soil. To investigate the effect of initial oil concentration on total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) degradation, the soil was artificially contaminated with 10, 50 or 100 g of Arabian light oil per kg of soil, respectively. After 50 days, Nocardia sp. H17-1 degraded 78,94 and 53% of the each initial TPH concentration, respectively. Also, it produced 1.35, 4.21, and 5.91 mmol of $CO_2$ per g of soil, respectively. The degradation rate constant (k) of TPH was decreased in proportion to the initial oil concentrations while $CO_2$ production was increased with the concentration. The growth of Nocardia sp. H17-1 was remarkably inhibited when it was inoculated into soil containing 100 g of oil per kg of soil. To evaluate the effect of the inoculum size, the soil was artificially contaminated with 50 g of Arabian light oil per kg of soil, and inoculated with $3${\times}$10^{6}$ , $5${\times}$10^{7}$ , $2${\times}$10^{8}$ cells per g of soil, respectively. After 50 days, the degradation of TPH was remained with similar in all treatment but degradation rate constant (k) and evolved $CO_2$ was increased with increasing the inoculum size.