• 약학회지
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.239-251
• /
• 1982

The rate of deterioration of contractile force of isolated hearts from control and panax ginseng treated rats was determined and response of contractile force of the hearts from ginseng treated rats to several autonomic and other drugs was investigated. Rats weighing 150-250g were administrered orally with ginseng ethanol extract (100mg/kg) and total ginseng saponin (50mg/kg/day) for a week. Ginsenoside Rb$_{1}$ (5mg/kg/day) and ginsenoside Re (5mg/kg/day) were administered respectively for a week. The isolated hearts from rats were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution by using Langendorff perfusion apparatus. The control group was only able to maintain approximately 75.5% of their initial strength after 60 min of perfusion, whereas ginseng ethanol extract, total ginseng saponin treated hearts were able to sustain nearly their initial strength even after 60 min. Ginsenoside Rol treated hearts also sustained 93% of their initial strength, but there was no significant difference in the deterioration percentage of the contractile force of ginsenoside Re treated hearts. Experiments were conducted to study the response to perfusion of ginseng treated animal heart with epinephrine, isoproterenol, propranolol, and phenobarbital. The isolated hearts were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution containing epinephrine (10$^{-6}$ M), isoproterenol ($10^{-7}$M), propranolol ($10^{-6}$M) and phenobarbital (7{\times}10^{-3}M$) respectively. The maximum inotropic effect of epinephrine and isoproterenol was observed after 2~3 minutes of drug perfusion. Effect of epinephrine on ginseng ethanol extract and total ginseng saponin treated hearts was reduced compared with control. On the other hand, this phenomenon was not observed in ginsenoside Re treated rats but on ginsenoside $Rb_{1}$ treated rats. The positive inotropic effect of isoproterenol was reduced in the hearts from ginseng treated rats compared with control heart, Propranolol or phenobaribital decreased the contractile force in the control rats. The depressant effect of propranolol and phenobarbitat on ginseng treated rat hearts was less than those of control rat hearts. The result suggest that ginseng ethanol extract , ind total ginseng saponin and ginsenoside $Rb_{1}$ may protect the deterioration of contractile force of the heart and may attenuate the response to several drugs on hearts.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.151-158
• /
• 1986

On the cAMP content in isolated gastric glands from rabbit stomach, the effect of ginseng components (total saponin, diol saponin, triol saponin) with pepsinogen secretion regulatory agents (cholecystokinin, isoproterenol, carbachol, propranolol, atropine, DECAMP, DBcGMP) were studied in vitro. According to the results, ginseng components may have the effect of stimulation or inhibition on cAMP production, and both dial saponin and triol saponin may be reciprocal effect to pepsinogen secretion regulatory agents. It seemed that the ginseng components may have the normalization action to pepsinogen regulatory agents on cAMP content in isolated rabbit gastric glands.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.101-107
• /
• 1995

The present study was undertaken to examine the effects of ginseng saponins [ginseng total saponin (GTS), protopanaxadiol saponin (PD) and protopanaxatriol saponin (PT)] on the hyperactivity, reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor super-sensitivity induced by cocaine. A single treatment with cocaine produced hyperactivity. Repeated administration of cocaine developed reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor super-sensitivity was also developed in reverse tolerant mice which had received the same cocaine. The hyperactivity and the developments of reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor super-sensitivity by cocaine were inhibited by ginseng saponins. From these results, it is proposed that ginseng saponins may be useful for the prevention and therapy of the adverse actions of cocaine. In addition, the rank order of inhibitory potential was observed as PT>GTS>PD. Key words Cocaine, hyperactivity, reverse tolerance, dopamine receptor super-sensitivity, ginseng saponins.

• 생약학회지
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.137-144
• /
• 1982

It was previously reported from our laboratory that the rate of deterioration of the force of contraction was slower in heart from Panax ginseng extract treated rats. The study carried out to elucidate its mechanism of the action on hearts. The cyclic AMP content in the rat hearts was measured by the method of radioimmunoassay techniques. Panax ginseng extract (100mg/kg/day) was administered orally to male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 150g to 250g for 1 week and after 24 hrs the hearts were isolated and the cyclic AMP content in the fresh heart was assayed. The difference in cyclic AMP content between the rats treated with Panax ginseng extracts and normal rats was not significant. Panax ginseng extract(l00mg/kg/day) was administered orally to the rats for I week and after 24 hrs the hearts were isolated and perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer (pH7.4) for 90min. The cyclic AMP content in the both treated and normal rats was not also significantly different. On the other hand, when total ginseng saponin (50mg/kg/day) was administered orally to rats for 1 week and after 24 hrs, the isolated hearts were perfused with Krebs Henseleit solution for 32min, the cyclic AMP content in total ginseng soponin treated hearts was decreased by 18.7% compared to normal rats. It was also observed that when isolated hearts were perfused with total ginseng saponin $(10^{-4}g/ml)$ for 12 min after 30 min equilibration period, the cyclic AMP content in total ginseng saponin treated hearts was decreased by 23.7% compared to normal rats. Isolated hearts were perfused with ginseng saponins $(10^{-4}g/ml)$ or with Krebs-Henseleit solution alone for 10min and subsequently with dl-isoproterenol $(1/2{\times}10^{-6}M)$ until the positive inotropic effect of isoproterenol was initiated. The cyclic AMP content in each rat hearts treated with total ginseng saponin, or with ginsenoside $Rb_1$, or with Krebs-Henseleit solution alone were increased by 35.5%, 42.4%, 47.5%, respectively, compared to normal rats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.26-33
• /
• 1977

인삼(人蔘) Saponin의 구성당류(構成糖類)를 동정하기 위하러 인삼(人蔘) 종류별(種類別), 연근별(年根別) 시료(試料)에 대하여 실험(實驗)하였으며 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 미삼(尾蔘), 백삼(白蔘), 삼년(三年) 및 육년근(六年根) 수삼(水蔘)의 전분함량(澱粉含量)은 각각(各各) 10.4, 31.5, 8.2, 25.6%였으며 전당(全糖)은 각각(各各) 37.0, 61.5, 64.5, 62.5% 였고 유리당(遊離糖)은 7.6, 10.5, 11.3, 10.7% 였다. 2. 미삼(尾蔘), 백삼(白蔘), 삼년(三年) 및 육년근(六年根) 수삼(水蔘)에서 얻은 Saponin을 TLC에 의하여 전개(展開)시킨 결과(結果) 거의 유의(類似)한 Pattern을 동정 하였다. 3. 미삼(尾蔘)에서 분리(分離)한 Saponin 산가수분해물(酸加水分解物)의 Paper Chromatography 결과(結果) glucose를 동정할 수 있었고 Pentose로 예상되는 unknown chromatogram을 얻을 수 있었으며 Saponin의 구성당(構成糖)은 0.7%였다. 4. 미삼전당(尾蔘全糖)획 구성비(構成比)는 전분(澱粉), 유리당(遊離糖), Saponin분자(分子) 구성당(構成糖), 기타가 각각(各各) 28.1 2.05, 1.9, 49.5%였다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
• /
• 제9권3호
• /
• pp.129-137
• /
• 1981

인삼엽 및 인삼피를 식물조직부양효소 (macerating enzyme)로 분리시킴으로써 인삼의 유효성분인 saponin을 효율적으로 추출하고자 인삼부패균중 조직부양력이 강력한 1종의 G-211 균주를 선정하여 조제한 조효소로써 실험하였다. 조직부양작용의 최적 pH 는 인삼엽, 인삼피 공히 pH 5.0이었으며 가용성물질추출율 및 saponin추출율은 인삼엽이 pH4.5, 인삼피가 pH5.5에서 가장 효과가 컸다. 조직부양효소와 조 cellulase을 qudydd처리하므로써 인삼엽, 인삼피 각각 3.45%, 3.90%의 saponin을 추출할 수 있었는데 이 추출율은 전체 saponin 함량의 39.8%, 39.3%에 해당되는 수율이었다. 또한 추출된 saponin을 HPLC를 이용해서 각 ginsenoside별 pattern도 조사하였다.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제29권6호
• /
• pp.1327-1329
• /
• 1997

인삼으로부터 사포닌 화합물의 신속한 추출방법을 모색하기 위하여 waring blonder 와 유기용매를 이용한 새로운 추출방법을 개발하였다. 본 방법은 기존의 인삼 증류추출방법과 비교해볼 때 6개의 주종 사포닌($ginsenoside-Rb_2$, $ginsenoside-Rb_1$, ginsenoside-Rc, ginsenoside-Rd, ginsenoside-Re, $ginsenoside-Rg_1$) 함량이 유사하여 유의성이 있는 것으로 생각된다. 유기용매는 메탄올과 클로로포름을 7:3의 비율로 사용하였을 때 사포닌 화합물이 잘 추출되었다. 5개의 주종사포닌을 합한 전체 사포닌 함량은 본 방법에서는 2.41% 이었고 기존의 방법 에서는 2.54%이었다. 그러나 조사포닌의 함량은 본 방법이 기존의 방법보다 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제27권2호
• /
• pp.52-55
• /
• 2003

The present experiment was perf'3rmed to investigate the protective effects of ginseng total saponin (GTS) and possible mechanisms on the hepatocytotoxicity induced by tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BuOOH), 4-Bromo-calciumu ionophore A23187 (Br-A23187) and KCN. Hepatocytes were isolated by collagenase perfusion of livers from fasted male Sprague Dawley rats and cultured overnight. After various treatments in Krebs-Ringer-HEPES buffer at pH 7.4, cell viability was determined by propidium iodide using fluorocytometry. GTS (5-20 ${\mu}$M) inhibited cell killing induced by t-BuOOH, and KCN, dose-dependently. However, GTS did not inhibit Br-A23187-induced cell killing. These findings support that GTS could protect the hepatocytoxicity induced by some toxic chemicals. The mechanisms of these protective effects by GTS seem to be associated with antioxidant activity and increase of cellular ATP.

• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.342-349
• /
• 1984

인삼 성분육종의 기초자료를 얻고자 동일한 생육환경하에서 생육한 4년생 이종인삼의 부위별 조사포닌 및 각 ginsenoside의 함량을 분석하였던 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 잎과 줄기에 함유된 조사포린 함량은 미국삼이 고려인삼인 자경종, 황숙종보다 많았으며 줄기보다는 잎에서 조사포닌함량이 높았다. 2. 뿌리의 조사포닌함량은 잎, 줄기와 같이 미국삼이 고려인삼인 자경종과 황숙종보다 높은 경향이었다. 3. 잎과 줄기 및 뿌리에 함유된 조사포닌의 panaxatriol 및 panaxadiol계 saponin의 함량비(PT/PD)는 잎과 줄기에서는 1.5~3.7:1. triol 계사포닌이 많은 반면 뿌리에서는 1:1~1.5로서 diol계사포닌이 많았다. 4. 각품종 공히 잎과 줄기에 함유된 ginsenoside종류에는 차이가 없었으나 -Rg$_2$, -Re, -Rc 등은 줄기에, -Rg$_1$, -Rd, -Rb$_1$은 잎에 다량 함유되어있었다. 5. 인삼뿌리에 함유된 ginsenoside는 -Rg$_1$, -Re, -Rb$_1$ 등이 많이 함유되었으며 고려인삼에서는 -Re가, 미국삼에서는 -Rb$_1$이 가장 많이 검출되었는데 특히 미국삼에서는 -Ro, -Ra, -Rf, -Rg$_2$가 검출되지 않았다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.223-228
• /
• 1989

Natural killer (NK) cells are a heteroguneous subpopulation of lymphocytes that spontaneously exhibit cytotoxic activity against various virus-Infected and neoplastic target cells without prior exposure to a specific antigen. It was thought that NK calls play an important role in immunosurvrillanre against viral agents and tumors, and in prevention of metastasis. Recently, several reports have indicated evidence that ginseng extracts show a significant stimulatory effect on the humoral and cellular immune responses. This evidence gives support to the suggestion that the anticarcinogenic effect of ginseng may be due to the effect of ginseng on the immunological system. Treatment with total, diol, and triol saponin resulted in an increase in NK cytotoxic activity, but no enhancement of the lytic activity due to the natural killer cytotoxic factor (NKCF). Therefore, these results suggest that the augmentation of NK activity by ginseng saponin fractions may not be due to the activation of NKCF lytic activity.