• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.83-95
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• 2003

Investigations were conducted on the changes in carotenoids content, and quantification of cis-trans-${\beta}$-carotene Isomers in pureed and cooked carrot and spinach during storage. The isomerization and degradation of carotenoids were monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography on a C$\_$30/ reversed-phase column with diode-array detection. The results showed that lutein, ail-trans-${\beta}$-carotene, ${\alpha}$-carotene, 9-cis-${\beta}$-carotene and 13-cis-${\beta}$-carotene were present in carrot and spinach. Zeaxanthin and cryptoxanthin were present in raw spinach. The contents of lutein, zeaxanthin, cryptoxanthin, ${\alpha}$-carotene and all-trans-${\beta}$-carotene in pureed and cooked carrot and spinach decreased with increasing storage period. The 9-cis and 13-cis carotenoid isomers were the major types formed in cooked carrot during storage. Cooking was not found to alter the carotenoid profile of the sample, but increased the total amount of carotenoids compared with pured ones. This increase could be explained that cooking itself increased the extraction efficiency and inactivated the enzymes degradating carotenoids.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.391-395
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• 1985

시중에서 판매되는 달걀, 메추리알, 오리알의 총 carotenoid, provitamin A carotenoids, retinol함량을 측정하여 Retinol Equivalent를 산출하고, 이들 난황의 carotenoid 조성을 비교분석하였다. 각 난황에서 단위 g당 총 carotenoid함량은 달걀＞메추리알＞오리알의 순서로, retinol은 메추리알＞오리알＞달걀의 순서로, Retinol, Equivalent는 메추리알＞오리알＞달걀의 순서로 높았다. 간 난황의 carotenoid 분석결과, carotenoid 조성은 거의 비슷했으나, 달걀과 메추리알의 경우 lutein과 zeaxanthin이 총 carotenoid의 75% 정도였고, 오리알의 경우는 60% 정도였다. 거의 대부분을 차지하고 있는 carotenoids임을 보였다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.81-95
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• 2003

Carotenoids are synthesized from the plastidic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP)/pyruvate pathway in isoprenoids biosynthetic system of plants. They play a crucial role in light harvesting, work as photoprotective agents in photosynthesis of nature, and are also responsible for the red, orange and yellow colors of fruits and flowers in plants. In addition to biological actions of carotenoids as antioxidants and natural pigments, they are essential components of human diet as a source of vitamin A. It has been also suggested that some kinds of carotenoids might provide protection against cancer and heart disease as human medicines. In this article, we review the commercial applications on the basis of biological functions of carotenoids, summarize the studies of genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, and introduce recent results achieved in metabolic engineering of carotenoids. This effort for understanding the carotenoids metabolism will make us to increase the total carotenoid contents of crop plants, direct the carotenoid biosynthetic machinery towards other useful carotenoids, and produce a new array of carotenoids by further metabolizing the new precursors that are created when one or two key enzymes in carotenoid biosynthetic pathway are exchanged through gene manipulation in the near future.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.799-805
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• 2010

Since the consumption of spent laying hens as roasted skewered meat increases, the effects of various carotenoids on pigmentation and antioxidant activity were tested with 62-wk-old 250 ISA brown laying hens to improve the quality of chicken meat. In a 6-wk feeding trial, 4 carotenoids with different polarity (${\beta}$-8-apo-carotenoic acid ethyl ester (ACAEE)>astaxanthin>canthaxanthin>${\beta}$-carotene) at 100 mg carotenoid/kg feed were used. The more polar the carotenoids, the higher were the levels in blood. After 5-wk adaptation, the concentrations of astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, and ACAEE in blood were -4 ${\mu}g/ml$. Canthaxanthin decreased significantly (p<0.05) the level of total blood cholesterol. Decreases in blood triglyceride by all carotenoids used were significant. ACAEE and astaxanthin tended to increase skin yellowness of thigh, breast, and wing proportionally to feeding period. In the case of polar carotenoids (ACAEE and astaxanthin), the longer the period of feeding, the higher the accumulation in skin was observed. Only astaxanthin was effective against the production of lipid peroxides in skin. Conclusively, out of the commercially available carotenoids we tested, astaxanthin is recommended for pigmentation of skin and inhibition of lipid oxidation.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.481-490
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• 2012

Phytochemicals are reported to provide various biological functions leading to the promotion of health as well as the reduced risk of chronic diseases. Fat-soluble plant pigments, carotenoids, are extensively studied micronutrient phytochemicals for their potential health benefits. It is noteworthy that specific carotenoids may be responsible for different protective effects against certain diseases. In addition, each carotenoid can be obtained from different types of plant foods. Considering the fact that the phytochemical content in foods can vary according to, but not limited to, the varieties and culture conditions, it is important to establish a database of phytochemicals in locally produced plant foods. Currently, information on individual carotenoid content in plant foods commonly consumed in Korea is lacking. As the first step to support the production and consumption of sustainable local plant foods, carotenoids and total phenolic contents of plant foods commonly consumed in Korea are presented and their potential biological functions are discussed in this review.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.2981-2986
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• 2015

Background: Despite many epidemiological studies on the effects of dietary antioxidant micronutrients on risk of cervical cancer, the findings remain uncertain and little evidence is available for serum nutrient markers. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between serum carotenoid, retinol and tocopherol concentrations and risk of cervical cancer among Chinese women. Materials and Methods: We conducted a hospital-based case-control study in which 358 adults (158 incident cases and 200 controls) were recruited from Xinjiang, China. Serum levels of carotenoids (${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin, lycopene and lutein/zeaxanthin), retinol, and tocopherols (${\alpha}$-tocopherol and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol) were assessed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: We found inverse associations between serum carotenoid (${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene, and lutein/zeaxanthin) and tocopherol (${\alpha}$-tocopherol) concentrations and the risk of cervical cancer after adjusting for potential confounders, but a null association for retinol. The ORs for 1-SD increase were 0.71 (95 % CI: 0.56-0.92; p=0.003) for total carotenoids and 0.75 (95 % CI: 0.60-0.94; p=0.008) for total tocopherols. Conclusions: These results show that higher serum concentrations of some carotenoids and tocopherols are associated with a lower risk of cervical cancer among Chinese women.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.508-512
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• 1999

In order to qualify and quantify carotenoid pigment of pumpukin were analyzed by HPLC column chromatography and spectrophotometry. Eightyseven percent of total carotenoids in the pumpkin was in the fiber amounting 65.33mg%. however flesh and skin contained 6.61 and 3.31mg% respectvely. A silica gel column chromatography of the carotenoids produced 2 different peaks. The components eluted in peak II showed blue color when treated with hydrochloric acid. The fact suggested it contained epoxide and the component in peak II was a monol. By the separation with HPLC. $\alpha$ and $\beta$-carotene were the major compounds in the carotenoids. In fiber the total $\beta$-carotene content was 1.6 times higher than in the flesh and skin. The fiber contained less unidentified compounds than other part which contained 27.3~32.8%.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.276-279
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• 1999

한국 특산어인 각시붕어 (Rhodeus uyekii)를 이용하여 혼인색과 채색의 인위적인 발현을 통해 관상어로서의 가능성을 조사하였다. 사료 내에 astaxanthin, lutein 및 $\beta$-carotene을 첨가하여 체색 개선효과를 알아본 결과, 각 실험구의 총 carotenoids 함량은 무첨가구인 대조구에 비해 carotenoids를 첨가한 모든 실험구에서 높게 나타났으며, 특히 lutein을 첨가한 실험구에서 높게 나타나 체색선명화 효과가 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 성장률은 astaxanthin을 첨가한 실험구에서 가장 높았으며, lutein과 $\beta$-carotene을 첨가한 실험구에서는 대조구와 유의적인 차이를 보이지는 않았다. 본 실험의 결과 carotenoids를 함유하고 있는 사료와 적절한 사육 조건을 갖춘다면, 우리에게 친근한 여러 종류의 어류를 새로운 관상어로 개발 할 수 있으리라 생각된다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.106-112
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: Kale (Brassica oleracea) biosynthesizes various phytochemicals including glucosinolates, flavonoids, and carotenoids. Phytochemicals of plants are influenced by light, temperature, carbon dioxide, and growing conditions. Specifically, carotenoids are affected by temperature, light, and oxygen. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cold stress (day/night: $25^{\circ}C/20^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C/15^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C/10^{\circ}C$) on carotenoids in kale leaves. METHODS AND RESULTS: Kale was grown in pots for up to 50 days after sowing (DAS) in a greenhouse. For cold acclimation experiments, kale grown in growth chambers for 3 days and was subjected to low temperature for 4 days. The conditions maintained in the growth chambers were as follows: photoperiod, 12/12 h (day/night); light, fluorescent; and relative humidity, 60%. Carotenoid (lutein, ${\alpha}-carotene$, zeaxanthin, ${\beta}-carotene$) contents were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The total carotenoid content gradually increased during cold acclimation for 3 days. When kale was subjected to cold stress, the total carotenoid content was high at $25^{\circ}C/20^{\circ}C$ treatment, but low at $15^{\circ}C/10^{\circ}C$ treatment. The total carotenoid content of kale leaves continuously grown in greenhouse decreased from 50 to 57 DAS (1,418 and 1,160 mgkg-1 dry wt., respectively). The lutein, ${\alpha}-carotene$, and ${\beta}-carotene$ contents were very low and the zeaxanthin contents were very high at $15^{\circ}C/10^{\circ}C$ treatment. When kale was subjected to cold stress, the ratio of individual to the total carotenoid contents of kale leaves was 4553% for -carotene and 210% for zeaxanthin. CONCLUSION: The ${\beta}-carotene$ and zeaxanthin contents in kale leaves indicate their sensitiveness toward cold stress.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.243-249
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• 2011

Carotenoids were found in high levels in both muscle and tunic samples, with the highest and lowest values observed in March and January, respectively. The average values in muscle (GM) and tunic (GT) harvested in Geoje were 49.1 mg/100g and 56.7 mg/100g, respectively, whereas those in muscle (TM) and tunic (TT) harvested in Tongyeong were 42.0 mg/100g and 50.2 mg/100g, respectively. The total phenol contents of the tunic were not significantly different (P < 0.05) between sampling area and month. We investigated the antioxidative activities of the carotenoids against linoleic acid peroxidation [1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)] and hydroxyl radicals as well as their reducing power. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was 7.6-13.5% in GM, which is relatively weak, whereas it was 21.1-29.9% in GT, 9.6-12.4% in TM and 19.3-24.1% in TT. In comparison to ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, the carotenoids were found to have strong inhibitory effects against linoleic acid peroxidation, and exhibited strong hydroxyl radical scavenging activities and reducing power at 120 ${\mu}g/mL$ of each sample.