• Journal of the Korean Society for Geothermal and Hydrothermal Energy
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.19-23
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• 2014

In the capital of Mongolia where the air quality is getting worse due to the coal consumption used for electricity generation and district heating, the application of geothermal systems in the housing sector is recently designed for high class resort. In this study, the case of applying a geothermal system in a house in Mongolia is examined. The effects of passive house design on the needed heat pump capacity, as well as the annual energy consumption are analyzed. Moreover, as the initial costs, except labor fee, are assumed similar to Korea, cost analysis for several cases is examined, too. From the results, if a house is designed according to passive house standard instead of ASHRAE standard, the heat pump capacity can be expected to be reduced from 16 to 5~6 RT. Furthermore, although the initial cost of architectural cost might increased by 29 M\, the total initial cost is reduced by 14 M\, while the annual energy consumption is reduced by 14%. This is mainly driven by the fact that the geothermal system which serves as the main system to cover the building needs, with a high initial cost for fulfilling the peak requirements.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.42-55
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• 2010

This paper primarily deals with a decision-making for determining the number of voyages in each ship size under a specific port structure in order to minimize the total transport cost consisting of transport cost at sea, queuing cost in port, and inventory cost in yard. As a result of computer simulation using queuing model characterized by inter-arrival time distribution, we were able to find out some combination of voyage numbers of 3 ship-size(50,000-ton, 100,000-ton, and 200,000-ton), where the total transport cost can be minimized under a specific port structure. The simulation model also allows us to figure out any trade-off relationship among sea transport cost, queuing cost in port, and inventory cost in yard. Put it differently, an attempt to reduce the sea transport cost by increasing the number of voyages of the largest ship size, the transport cost incurred in both port and yard is hypothesized to be increased and vice versa. Consequently, Port managers are required to adjust the number of annual number of voyages allocated in each ship size, put into the sea lines for importing raw materials, in order to optimize the transport costs incurred under the specific port system. We may consider a net present value(NPV) model for performing an economic feasibility analysis on port investment project. If a total discounted net benefit, including cost savings, exceeds the initial investment for an additional berth construction, then we accept the port investment project. Otherwise, we reject the proposed port investment plan.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.4951-4957
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• 2016

Background: Apart from reducing occupational exposure to cytotoxic hazards, the PhaSeal(R) closed-system transfer device (CSTD) can extend the beyond-use dates (BUDs) of unfinished vials of antineoplastic drugs for up to 168 hours (seven days). In this study, the total material cost incurred by its use in a Malaysian government-funded hospital was calculated. Methods: A list of vial stability following initial needle punctures of 29 commonly-used antineoplastic drugs was compiled. The amount of the materials used, including drugs, infusion bottles, the PhaSeal(R) CSTD and other consumables, was recorded on a daily basis for three months in 2015. The total cost was calculated based on the actual acquisition costs, and was compared with that of a hypothetical scenario, whereby conventional syringe-needle sets were used for the same amounts of preparations. Results: The use of the PhaSeal(R) CSTD incurred a cost of MYR 383,634.52 (USD 92,072.28) in three months, representing an average of MYR 170.5 (USD 40.92) per preparation or an estimated annual cost of MYR 1,534,538.08 (USD 368,289.14). Compared with conventional syringe-needle approach, it is estimated to lead to an additional spending of MYR 148,627.68 (USD 35,670.64) yearly. Conclusion: Although there was a reduction of drug wastage achieved by extending BUDs of unfinished vials using the PhaSeal(R) CSTD, cost saving was not observed, likely attributable to the wide use of lower-priced generic drugs in Malaysia. Future studies should further evaluate the possibility of cost saving, especially in health settings where branded and high-cost antineoplastic drugs are more commonly used.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1015-1024
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• 2020

Using the waste(sand wastr and boiler ash) in fluidized bed inciverator, lightweight aggregate concrete was produced and a recycling plan was prepated. The first, the result of the leaching test shows that the waste fluid sand and boiler ash did not exceed the effluent standard. This indicates that there is no harmful effect for recycling. The second, in the lightweight aggregate test using waste fluid sand and boiler ash, the sample that combined cement, waste fluid sand, and sand showed the highest compressive strength, and the mix proportion was 10: 7: 3. Lightweight aggregate concrete that combined cement, waste fluid sand, boiler ash, and sand had a low compressive strength by and large. The third, the same results were identified in the relation between the content of SiO₂ and that of Na₂O. As the SiO₂ content is lowered, the overall viscosity and plasticity of the concrete also decrease, which is not a good condition to form concrete. As for Na₂O, as the content increases, the viscosity of the sample and the viscosity of the cement are remarkably lowered, and the strength of the finished concrete is lowered. Therefore, it was concluded that the higher the content of SiO₂ and the lower the content of Na₂O, the more suitable it is to mix with cement to produce concrete. Fourth, from the fluidized bed incinerator currently operated by company A in city B, a total of 14,188 tons/year were discharged as of 2016, including 8,355 tons/year of bottom ash (including waste fluid sand) and 5,853 tons/year of boiler ash. The cost for landfill bottom ash and boiler ash discharged is 51,000 won/ton, and the total annual landfill cost is 723,588,000 won/ year. Assuming that the landfill tax to be applied from the year 2018 is about 10,000 won/ton, and if there is no reduction in waste disposal charge, an additional landfill tax of 141,880,000 won/year will be imposed. Consequently, the sum total of the annual landfill cost will be 865,468,000 won/year. Therefore, if the entire amount is used for recycling, the annual savings of about 8.7 billion won can be expected.

• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.31-37
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• 2007

Because of their low operating and maintaining costs, ground-source heat pump(GSHP) systems are an increasingly popular choice for providing heating, cooling and water heating to public and commercial buildings. Despite these advantages and the growing awareness, GSHP systems to residential sectors have not been adopted in Korea until recently. A feasibility study of a residential GSHP system was therefore conducted using the traditional life cycle cost(LCC) analysis within the current electricity price framework and potential scenarios of that framework. As a result, when the current residential electricity costs for running the GSHP system are applied, the GSHP system has weak competitiveness to conventional HV AC systems considered. However, when the operating costs are calculated in the modified price frameworks of electricity, the residential GSHP system has the lower LCC than the existing cooling and heating equipments. The calculation results also show that the residential GSHP system has lower annual prime energy consumption and total pollutant emissions than the alternative HVAC systems considered in this work.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.272-283
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• 2016

Purpose: This is a comparative study using secondary data from the Korean national long term care (LTC) insurance. Methods: Visiting nursing (VN) service users (n=666) and non-users (n=4,375) were extracted and compared in terms of medical expenditures, length of hospitalization, and annual number of ambulatory care visits to investigate effects of VN services in LTC. Results: Total health care expenditures were compared between the two groups and it was found that VN service users spent about $ 1700 than non-users for their medical costs between 2009 and 2011. The average length of in-hospital stay for VN service users was 19.4 days shorter than that of non-users. However, using VN services did not significantly influence the annual number of ambulatory care visits. Conclusion: The study has found that VN services are effective ways of providing community-based LTC services. We recommend LTC policy makers to further utilize VN services to deliver cost effective health care services.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.515-518
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• 2007

Because of their low operating and maintaining costs, ground-source heat pump(GSHP) systems are an increasingly popular choice for providing heating, cooling and water heating to public and commercial buildings. Despite these ad- vantages and the growing awareness, GSHP systems to residential sectors have not been adopted in Korea until recently. A feasibility study of a residential GSHP system was therefore conducted using the traditional life cycle cost(LCC) analysis within the current electricity price framework and potential scenarios of that framework. As a result, when the current residential electricity costs for running the GSHP system are applied, the GSHP system has weak competitiveness to conven- tional HVAC systems considered. However, when the operating costs are calculated in the modified price frameworks of electricity, the residential GSHP system has the lower LCC than the existing cooling and heating equipments. The calculation results also show that the residential GSHP system has lower annual prime energy consumption and total pollutant emissions than the alternative HVAC systems considered in this work.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Geothermal and Hydrothermal Energy
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.12-18
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to make an economic analysis(Life cycle cost) of selecting optimal air conditioning system for a research building which is 8 stories with a total floor area of $32,010m^2$. Energy consumptions of three proposed air-conditioning systems(Alt-1,2,3) that reflect the government green-growth policy are calculated and compared. The results show that life cycle cost of Alt-3(Ventilation DX AHU+EHP) is less than Alt-1(EHP+ventilation DX AHU) by 5.1%, and Alt-2(Absorption chiller/heater+EHP) by 34.3%. Annual energy consumption of Alt-3 is less than Alt-1 by 9.9%, and Alt-2 by 37.4%. Annual $CO_2$ emission of Alt-3 is less than Alt-1 by 9.9%, and Alt-2 by 0.2%.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.344-352
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• 2016

In this paper, we conducted an empirical study on the economic value of Palutungan Resort, Gunung Ciremai National Park (Indonesia), using an individual travel cost method. Gunung Ciremai is the highest mountain in West Java Province which has high biodiversity and constitutes the home range of the endangered species, Nisaetus bartelsi and leopards. Using the individual travel cost method, we estimated the annual consumer surplus of ecotourism for Palutungan Resort to be approximately $19, while its total economic value was $0.23 million. However, Palutungan Resort does not benefit exclusively, because the total economic value is divided diversely among the central government (non-tax revenue), local government (taxes), and local communities, while the transportation agencies, retailers, and gas station companies also reap some valuable benefits. In regard to the benefit allocation, all of the associated parties should participate in the conservation and preservation of natural resources in Palutungan Resort to improve the ecotourism services.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.792-800
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• 2007

The annual power cost for Seoul metro operations is about 65.5 billion won, of which rail motors account for 60% among total power consumptions. It is expected that the power consumption would increase because of global warming, future high electric equipments demands, etc. To reduce these consumptions, it is necessary to analyze the transportation demands of passengers, arrange the power-saving driving environments, respond flexible vehicles service, and improve how to drive vehicles. These method to reduce power consumption for rail motors can lead to improve the Seoul metro management. In this research, the improvement plan is derived by collecting and analyzing the data for total 33 power consumptions factors, screening top 10 factors by priority and impact, establishing each hypothesis to execute correlation and recursion analyses. As a result of 4 items research among top 10 affected factors, the power consumption for rail motors in 2006 is effectively reduced; the power usage is down with 13,870 kwh, from 531,539 kwh to 517,669 kwh, and the cost is down with 1,026 million won, from 39, 334 million won to 38,308 million won.