• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.499-504
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• 2006

Objectives : The aim of the study was to estimate the annual socioeconomic cost of diseases in Korea. Methods : We estimate both the direct and indirect costs of diseases in Korea during 2003 using a prevalence-based approach. The direct cost estimates included medical expenditures, traffic costs and caregiver's cost, and the indirect costs, representing the loss of production, included lost workdays due to illness and lost earnings due to premature death, which were estimated based on the human capital theory. The cost estimates were reported at three different discount rates (0, 3 and 5%). Results : The cost of diseases in Korea during 2003 was 38.4 trillion won based on 0% discount rate. This estimate represents approximately 5.3% of GDP The direct and indirect costs were estimated to be 22.5 trillion (58.5% of total cost) and 15.9 trillion won (41.5%), respectively. It was also found that the cost for those aged $40\sim49$ accounted for the largest proportion (21.7%) in relation to age groups. The cost of diseases for males was 23.5% higher than that for females. For major diseases, the total socioeconomic costs were 16.0, 13.4, 11.3 and 11.19% for neoplasms, and diseases of the digestive, respiratory and circulatory systems, respectively. Conclusions : This study can be expected to provide valuable information for determining intervention and funding priorities, and for planning health policies.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.37-42
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• 2008

As use of construction equipment has been increasing continuingly, the proportion of equipment expense to the total construction cost has become higher. However, there is a difference between the equipment expenses section in 'Poom-Sam' and practical data, because 'Poom-sam' does not consider non-working days due to weather conditions, legal holidays and management conditions. Therefore, 'Poom-Sam' does not present a reasonable standard for estimating construction equipment expenses. In this study, to estimate realistic construction equipment operating hours, firstly, construction equipment was classified according to work, and weather conditions, in which each work could not be executed, were established. Then, weather data on Seoul and Busan($2004{\sim}2006$) and legal holidays were analyzed to suggest annual standard operating hours. The annual standard operating hours of earthmoving & excavating, compaction, and drilling equipment was estimated to be 1,430 hours, and lifting equipment, concrete paving equipment, asphalt paving equipment, concrete equipment, and crushing & conveying equipment were estimated to be 2,124 hours, 1,156hours, 1,188hours, 1,688hours, and 2,152hours respectively.

• 품질경영학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 1989

A one-upper level warehouse n-Iower level retailer inventory distribution model is discussed. This paper presents the parallel-type inventory structure using an order-up-to-level invertory control system for analyzing the approximation of the expected units back ordered and the measure of service. We find that the total expected backorder units in system can substitute the expected back orders in the last two periods for the expected back orders in total periods. The rate of total expected back orders which is the measure of disservice, is given by dividing the improved units of total expected backorder into the total demand during an order cycle. The average annual total cost in system is obtained by considering the results, but from the viewpoint of this study the cost analysis is not described.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.137-145
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• 2019

2012년 한국의료패널 조사 참여자 중에서 암으로 응급, 입원, 외래 서비스를 한 번이라도 이용한 적이 있는 사람 308명이 선정 되었다. 암 환자 1인당 연평균 총직접비용은 환자 의료비, 공단부담금, 비급여 비용을 합산하여 분석하였다. 암 환자가 암으로 지출한 1인당 연평균 총 직접비용 분석 결과는 암 환자 1인당 연평균 총직접비용은 약 129,093,792이고, 남성은 158,100,612원, 여성은 110,482,075이다. 건강보험가입자의 경우 암으로 인한 1인당 총직접비용은 평균 183,095,125원이고 의료급여 수급자는 46,241,705원이었다. 가구 소득별로 보면, 가구 소득 1분위에 속한 환자의 경우 1인당 연평균 총직접비용은 112,459,971원이었고, 2분위에 속한 환자는 137,910,890원, 3분위에 속한 환자는 149,556,570원, 4분위 112,730,461원, 5분위는 142,926,331원이였다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.67-74
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• 1979

This survey was carried out to grasp the actual condition of a power tiller utilization . Now, the power tiller has become the leading machinery in the field of agriculture throughout the country . Two hundred farm houses, located in the provincial districts of Kimcheon and kum0rung, hav etaken part in the survey from October 1, 1976 to September 30, 1977. The results are summarized as follows . 1. The average size of cultivated land of a farm household in the districts surveyed was 1.77ha which was bigger than that of whole country. And the average age of power tiller drivers was analyzed in which only 105 of total drivers was on their 30's. 2. Distribution of a power tiller utilization was appeared to be 34.4% for transporting , 24% for tilling , 23% for pumping , 11.5% for threshing and 6.6% for spraying. 3. Frequency of a power tiller utilization was high during the month of June, July and October while it was low during February and December . 4. Distribution of repairing cost was 8.5% for trailer, 7.1% for throttle lever and 6.7% for casket, respectively. The annual cost for repairing was 5,290 won.5. The annual cost for using a power tiller was composed of 51.5% of fixed cost and 48.5% of operating cost. 6. Economic analysis showed that it was not economically practical for individual ownership of a power tiller on the farm surveyed. Therefore, custom operation and joint ownership by a few farmers were recommended.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.1547-1554
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• 1998

The object of this study was to develop an economic assessment program for the optimal design of the cogeneration systems composed of combining engine, generator, waste heat recovery exchanger, absorption chiller, and boiler, etc. The energy demand categorized by electric power, heating, cooling and water supply was determined by statistical data of the existing cogeneration systems. An economic assessment was performed by comparing the total cost of cogeneration system with that of non-cogeneration system. The total cost was evaluated by adding initial investment to operational cost considering efficiency of equipment, cost of equipment, fuel and electricity. To confirm the validity of the developed program, a hotel building with an area of $127,960m^2$ was selected, and the simulated results were compared with the measured data. The difference between the simulated and the measured values for the selected hotel building was approximately 12% for annual electric consumption.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.21-30
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• 2017

본 연구는 뇌혈관질환자의 년간 총직접비용에 대하여 조사하였다. 본 연구를 위하여 2012년 한국의료패널 조사자 중 2012년 한 해 동안 뇌혈관질환으로 응급, 입원, 외래서비스를 1건 이상 이용하였다고 응답한 265명을 대상으로 하였다. 뇌혈관질환자 일반사항은 2012년에 한국의료패널 응답자 중 뇌혈관질환으로 응급, 입원, 외래서비스를 이용한 응답자의 비율이다. 연구방법은 응급, 입원, 외래서비스의 평균의료비와 가중평균을 적용하여 직접비용을 산출한 후 년간 총직접비용을 산출하였다. 연구결과는 뇌혈관질환자가 1인당 연 평균 본인부담 의료비 지출액은 약 561,934원이고, 남성은 669,557원, 여성은 448,696원이다. 건강보험 가입자의 경우 뇌혈관질환으로 인한 1인당 본인부담액은 평균 634,459원이고 의료급여 수급자는 160,236원이었다. 뇌혈관질환자가 265명의 연 평균 총직접비용은 약 162,165,690이고, 남성은 193,223,955원, 여성은 129,486,685이다. 건강보험가입자의 경우 뇌혈관질환으로 인한 1인당 총직접비용은 평균 183,095,125원이고 의료급여 수급자는 46,241,705원이었다. 가구소득별로 보면, 가구 소득 3분위에 속한 환자는 672,268원으로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 5분위에 속한 환자는 108,970,650원 으로 뇌혈관질환자의 총직접비용이 가장 낮았다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.1547-1551
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• 2012

Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. Its management has a significant economic impact on society. Despite a high incidence of cancer, so far, there is no national register for this disease in Morocco. The main goal of this report was to estimate the medical costs of lung cancer in our country. Methods: We first estimated the number of annual new cases according to stage of the disease on the basis of the Grand-Casablanca-Region Cancer Registry data. For each sub-group, the protocol of treatment was described taking into account the international guidelines, and an evaluation of individual costs during the first year following diagnosis was made. Extrapolation of the results to the whole country was used to calculate the total annual cost of treatments for lung cancer in Morocco. Results: Overall approximately 3,500 new cases of lung cancer occur each year in the country. Stages I and II account for only 4% of cases, while 96% are diagnosed at locally advanced or metastatic stages III and IV. The total medical cost of lung cancer in Morocco is estimated to be around USD 12 million. This cost represents approximately 1% of the global budget of the Health Department. According to AROME Guidelines, about 86% of the newly diagnosed lung cancer cases needed palliative treatment while 14% required curative intent therapy. The total cost of early and advanced stages lung cancer management during the first year were estimated to be 4,600 and 3,420 USD, respectively. Conclusion: This study provides health decision-makers with a first estimate of costs and the opportunity to achieve the optimal use of available data to estimate the needs of health facilities in Morocco. A substantial proportion of the burden of lung cancer could be prevented through the application of existing cancer control knowledge and by implementing tobacco control programs.

• 한국전산구조공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산구조공학회 2005년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.719-726
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• 2005

The optimal design was performed for the bridge superstructure composed of steel box girders and concrete deck considering life cycle cost. The service life of the superstructure was estimated, after load carry capacity curves for steel girder and concrete deck were derived on the basis of condition grade curves and maintenance histories. The object function was determined as life cycle cost, including initial cost, total maintenance cost, disposal cost and user cost, for a period of the estimated service life. The optimal design of the superstructure was performed for the various service lifes. The annual costs were used to compare calculated results and to get the most economical design. Also this paper presents reasonable idea for the use of user cost with uncertainty.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2007년도 제38회 하계학술대회
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• pp.578-579
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• 2007

The importance and necessity of conducting studies on area outage cost assessment have been increasingly important in recent years due to the competitive electricity market environment. The objective of operational issues would be to minimize the total area cost while satisfying all associated system constrains of each area[2]. This paper presents a methodology of the Area annual outage cost assessment by probabilistic reliability evaluation using TRELSS program for KEPCO system. The interrupted energy assessment rate (IEAR) is evaluated by macro approach that is using relations between GRDP and the electrical energy demand. The Expected Energy Not Supplied (EENS) of each area was evaluated using the Transmission Reliability Evaluation for Large-Scale Systems (TRELSS) Version 6_2, a program developed by EPRI are introduced in this paper.