• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.157-183
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• 1990

This study is proposed to research the rural clothing, dietary and housing style of living in order to adapt a basis which is supposed to improve the quality of rural life. The sample in this research comes from Daehang 1 Li, Bubuk Myun, Miryang Gun, Kyungnam, and the results are as following; Generally rural housewives are unconcerned with fashion or its information, instead, they care for the casual wear which represents economic and active life style. Because of their financial problems, inpurchasing, they spend only a small money without plan. When they launder Clothes, they use washing bat and pannel which is easy to break fabrics, and they ineffectively use to dry it by hands twisting. The total food intake per person in a day is 1170.6gram, and all nutrients intakes except fat and calcium exceed the recommended dietary allowances. But 90.3% of the food intakes are plant food, and the average food items taken per day per househod is 11.9items which are not so various, which represents the shortage of the nutrient quality. Both the nutrition knowledge score and the food habit score are very low. Therefore, in order to enhance the quality of clothing and diet in rural life, they need to learn clothing and nutrition management for their enlightment. The most comprehensive type of farmhouse site plan take the shape of ㄱ and ㄴ, and for the most part main building is the floor plan which includes 3-4 spans in front of the change from the type of traditional house, throught the revised one, to the type of newly built house. In main building of the farmhouse, kitchen, Kunbang and Chakunbang are extended to their real space, and both utility and the bathroom are added to build, and Malu is transformed into the living space.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.1637-1643
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• 2011

Korean native chickens are a very valuable chicken population in Korea and their prices are higher than that of commercial broilers. In order to discriminate two commercial Korean native chicken populations (CCP1 and CCP2), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from mitochondrial (mt) DNA D-loop sequences and LEI0258 marker polymorphisms in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region were investigated. A total of 718 birds from nine populations were sampled and 432 mtDNA sequences were obtained. Of these, two commercial Korean native chicken populations (363 birds) were used for investigation of their genetic relationship and breed differentiation. The sequence data classified the chickens into 20 clades, with the largest number of birds represented in clade 1. Analysis of the clade distribution indicated the genetic diversity and relation among the populations. Based on the mtDNA sequence analysis, three selected SNPs from mtDNA polymorphisms were used for the breed identification. The combination of identification probability (Pi) between CCP1 and CCP2 using SNPs from mtDNA and LEI0258 marker polymorphisms was 86.9% and 86.1%, respectively, indicating the utility of these markers for breed identification. The results will be applicable in designing breeding and conservation strategies for the Korean native chicken populations and also used for the development of breed identification markers.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.304-313
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to test the reliability and validity test of PWI to utility of PWI. this newly developed by Sejin Jang which measures stress. The subject were 186 workers in service area. Cronbach's a and Guttman split-half coefficient is used to test the reliability of PWI. Factor analysis and the correlation of the GHQ-60. GHQ-30, GHQ-28, GHQ-20, and GHQ-12 with the PWI is used to convergent validity and discriminant validity. The important results of this study are as follows : Cronbach's $\alpha$ coefficient of data was 0.894 and Guttman split-half coefficient was 0.7097. The PWI was classified as 13 principle component (eigenvalue＞1.0). After exploring 4 factor structure according to previous study result, 4 factors was explained 40.5% out of the total variance. The factor 1 was explained 15.9% and then the rest three factor was 24.6%. Factor 2 and 4 showed good agreement but factor 1 and 3 did not. Depression-related items were classified two factors. Anxiety and depression-related items were loaded unifactor. It was not clear that the PWI was consist of 4 concepts(factors). The correlation of the GHQ-60, GHQ-30, GHQ-28, GHQ-20, and GHQ-12 with the PWI were 0.744~0.905. According to findings of this study. the PWI showed a high degree of validity and reliability. Thus it is recommended to use the PWI in general setting for screening for stress. In addition, it is necessary to clarify the concept of depression and anxiety. In the further study. it my be considered to the factor structure of PWI and studied to two or unidimensional factor structure.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.469-472
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• 2012

The present study was conducted to assess utility of $p16^{INK4a}$ immunopositivity as a surrogate marker for genomic integration of high-risk human papillomavirus infection (hrHPV). A total of 29 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cervical low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs), 27 high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) and 53 invasive squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), histologically-diagnosed between 1st January 2006 to 31st December 2008 at the University of Malaya Medical Centre were stained for $p^{16INK4a}$ (CINtec Histology Kit (REF 9511, mtm laboratories AG, Heidelberg, Germany). Immunopositvity was defined as diffuse staining of the squamous cell cytoplasm and or nucleus (involving > 75% of the intraepithelial lesions or SCCs). Staining of basal and parabasal layers of intraepithelial lesions was pre-requisite. One (3.4%) LSIL, 24 (88.9%) HSIL and 46 (86.8%) SCC were $p^{16INK4a}$ immunopositive. All normal squamous epithelium did not express $p16^{INK4a}$. $p16^{INK4a}$ expression was significantly lower (p<0.05) in LSIL compared with HSIL and SCC with no difference in expression between HSIL and SCC. The increased $p16^{INK4a}$ immunopositivity in HSIL and SCC appears in line with the integrated existence of the hrHPV and may provide more insightful information on risk of malignant transformation of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions than mere hrHPV detection.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 2018

Diplophonia is generally defined as the perception of more than one fundamental frequency component in a voice. Its perceptual aspect has traditionally been used to evaluate diplophonia because the perceptions can be easily evaluated, but there are limitations in the validity of the reliability of the intra- and inter-raters, examination situation, and variation of voice sample. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to confirm the reliability and accuracy of auditory perceptual evaluation by comparing non-invasive indirect assessment methods (sound waveform and EGG analysis), and to identify their usefulness with diplophonia. A total of 28 diplophonic voices and 39 non-periodic voices were assessed. Three raters assessed the diplophonia by performing an auditory perception evaluation and identifying the quasi-periodic perturbations of the acoustic waveform and EGG. Among the three discrimination methods, intra- and inter-rater reliability, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio were examined, and the McNemar test was performed to compare the discriminant agreement. The accuracy of the auditory perceptual evaluation (86.57%) was not significantly different from that of sound waveform acoustic (88.06%), but it was significantly different from that of EGG (83.33%). The reading time (6.02 s) for the auditory perceptual evaluation was significantly different from that for sound waveform analysis (30.15 s) and EGG analysis (16.41 s). In the discrimination of diplophonia, auditory perceptual evaluation has sufficient reliability and accuracy as compared to sound waveform and EGG. Since immediate feedback is possible, auditory perceptual evaluation is more convenient. Therefore, it can continue to be used as a tool to discriminate diplophonia in clinical practice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2015

The water vapor including latent heat is the important component in an atmospheric circulation and in a monitoring of the Earth's climate changes, as well as in the weather forecast improvement. In this study, to establish the Algerian weighted mean temperature model, a linear regression method had been developed under 5 radiosonde observations for a total 24,694 profiles from 2004 to 2013. An weighted mean temperature is a key parameter in the processing of PWV from GNSS tropospheric delays. The result from the study has expected to provide an useful model to demonstrate the realization and utility of using the ground-based GNSS meteorology technique that will bring improvements in weather forecasting, climate monitoring in Algeria.

• BMB Reports
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.194-199
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• 2009

The effects of the ginsenoside Rb2 (Rb2) on lipid metabolism were characterized in 3T3-L1 adipocytes to evaluate their utility for treating obesity. While the amounts of total cholesterol and triacylglycerol (TAG) were markedly increased in the adipocytes treated with high amounts of cholesterol and fetal bovine serum (FBS), the test groups treated with Rb2 showed levels that were close to normal. The effect of Rb2 on these cells was comparable to that of lovastatin. Rb2 enhanced the expression of the sterol regulated element binding protein (SREBP) mRNA whereas treatment with cholesterol and FBS led to a reduction in the abundance of this transcript. The activity of fatty acid synthetase (FAS) was lower in the cholesterol group compared to the Rb2 treatment group suggesting that the observed decrease in cholesterol levels and activated SREBP was mediated by Rb2. Treatment with Rb2 also resulted in a decrease in TAG levels in adipocytes cultured under high fatty acid conditions. This effect was mediated by stimulating the expression of SREBP and Leptin mRNA, suggesting that Rb2 might be a valuable component capable of lowering the levels of lipids.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.968-976
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• 2012

This study presents a new method called the SPMP (Semi-automatic profile measuring program) to efficiently measure body shape in elderly women. SPMP can automatically measure the angle of axis (19 items), surface (17 items), lengths (14 items), heights (16 items), widths (13 items), and depth (6 items). In total these 85 items are automatically measured very quickly, accurately, and easily after manually marking an initial 36 points. The utility of SPMP was evaluated using several tests. When SPMP measuring results were compared with manual methods (using a ruler and protractor) in thirteen elderly women using a paired t-test, there was no significant difference found between them. Furthermore, when measurements from SPMP were compared with actual measurement results in selected items from seven elderly women's measurements, smaller mean differences were found than those defined by ISO 20685, with the exception of the abdominal area which moves easily with breathing. Seven independent measurements of a single elderly woman were made by seven students using SPMP, and the values of coefficient of variation were less than 5% for all but 8 items. Finally, this study analyzed the correlation of all 85 item measurements, and found that the angle from the upper chest to the neck towards the front in the axis curved forward as much as the axis angle from the thigh to the waist (r=-0.876, $^{**}p$ < 0.01) bent backwards in elderly women. This detailed analysis helps to understand age-related changes in body posture, and will be useful in future studies.

• Korean Journal of Digital Imaging in Medicine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the mutual relations by measuring SNR from T2 weighted image and ADC values on the basis of the stiffness values from liver tissues. This study was conducted that total 37 people(23 of males and 11 of females) were taken the liver MRI examination and average age was $54.5{\pm}12.7$ years old. The equipment was MAGNETOM Skyra 3.0T (SIEMENS, Erlangen, Germany) and 32 channel body-array coil. The examination were conducted with HASTE T2 weighted image by axial plane, Spin-echo EPI (echo planner image) DWI (b-value = 800) and Magnetic resonance elastography. The ROIs (region of interest: 200-300 $mm^2$) were established on the basis of the first axial stiffness image corresponded 95% confidence interval from axial stiffness image and then were measured values. After drawing the grid lines, signals were measured SNR from T2 weighted image and ADC values on the same locations that were analysed other 3 planes respectively. The results were showed correlation (0.057) that were increased to SNR from T2 weighted image by increasing stiffness value that no significant difference statistically p = 0.003. Other results were showed correlations (-0.301) that were decreased to ADC values by increasing stiffness values that no significant difference statistically p = 0.088. In the 3.0T equipment, the results may be error in much the same fashion as the 1.5T from ADC values by evaluation of fibrosis stage. However, Magnetic resonance elastography would be useful method that is used to diagnose exactly liver fibrosis stages in the 3.0T.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.607-611
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• 2017

Primary maternal infection with toxoplasmosis during pregnancy is frequently associated with transplacental transmission of the parasite to the fetus. This study was conducted to test the utility of PCR assay to detect recent infections with Toxoplasma in aborted women at various gestational ages who referred to Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Alavi Hospital in Ardabil during 2014 and 2016. Two hundred women with a history of single or repeated abortion were investigated in this study. Blood samples were tested for specific anti-Toxoplasma IgM and IgG antibodies by ELISA. According to the results, 53.5% of the women under study were positive for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies: 4.0% of them had IgM, 43.0% had IgG, and 6.5% had both IgM and IgG. Subsequently, Nested-PCR analysis was used to detect T. gondii DNA in the placenta of subjects. In 10.5% of the women, the results were positive for 529 bp element of T. gondii. Among them, 5 (23.8%) cases were IgM positive, 1 (4.8%) case was IgG positive, and 11 (52.4%) were both IgM and IgG positive. In 4 (19.0%) patients, none of the antibodies were found to be positive. In total, 16 patients had positive results in both ELISA and PCR methods, and 174 cases had negative results for new infection. The findings of this study revealed that T. gondii might be one of the significant factors leading to abortion, and that the analysis of placenta can be important in order to achieve increased detection sensitivity.