• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제21권47호
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• pp.101-112
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• 1998

Recently, researchers show growing interest on product quality characteristic dependence and designing acceptance sampling plans under the quality dependence. This research intends to resolve a few theoretical and practical questions for better application of acceptance sampling when the quality characteristic of product items exhibits a statistical dependence and samples are inspected according to the production order. In this research, a mathematical programming model is developed for the economic modeling of sampling plans based on two evaluation criteria : the average outgoing quality(AOQ) and the average total inspection cost. An efficient solution procedure is then proposed using the functional structure of the two evaluation criteria and the procedure is numerically illustrated.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.344-354
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• 2002

This study is a fact-finding research to understand the status of visiting nursing services operated by health centers in Korea and it aims to provide basic information for policy development on operation and management of visiting nursing services in health centers. Method: This study investigates the results of visiting nursing services in 242 health centers from Jan. 10 through Dec. 30, 2000, where 3,106 visiting nurses were employed by the public work program. Result: In 2000, 129,401 new household as service recipients was identified and that was 0.9% of Koreas total households (15,137,000), and 5.8% of low income households (2,242,000). The highest high risk group was dementia patients(aver. 55.2/1,000 person). Average number of households visited by visiting nurse were 4.5 households per day and the first-visited houses per visiting nurse were 1.1 households per day. The re-visiting rate was 71.3%. Total 4,059,130 service items were provided and assessment ranked the highest with 33.7%. The satisfaction level of clients on the nurses was an average of 3.17 points in the scale of 4 and the nursing service was a 2.60 points in a scale of 3. Conclusion: Visiting nursing service should continue to provide comprehensive healthcare services in cost-effective ways while cooperating with others

• Carbon letters
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.224-234
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• 2010

Four activated carbons were produced by two-stage process as followings; semi-carbonization of indigenous biomass waste, i.e. cotton stalks, followed by chemical activation with KOH under various activation temperatures and chemical ratios of KOH to semi-carbonized cotton stalks (CCS). The surface area, total pore volume and average pore diameter were evaluated by $N_2$-adsorption at 77 K. The surface morphology and oxygen functional groups were determined by SEM and FTIR, respectively. Batch equilibrium and kinetic studies were carried out by using a basic dye, methylene blue as a probe molecule to evaluate the adsorption capacity and mechanism over the produced carbons. The obtained activated carbon (CCS-1K800) exhibited highly microporous structure with high surface area of 950 $m^2/g$, total pore volume of 0.423 $cm^3/g$ and average pore diameter of 17.8 ${\AA}$. The isotherm data fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm with monolayer adsorption capacity of 222 mg/g for CCS-1K800. The kinetic data obtained at different concentrations were analyzed using a pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion equations. The pseudo-second-order model fitted better for kinetic removal of MB dye. The results indicate that such laboratory carbons could be employed as low cost alternative to commercial carbons in wastewater treatment.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.36-44
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• 2016

Constructed wetlands are established efficient technologies and provide sustainable solution for wastewater treatment. Similarly, biochar, which is an organic material, produced by means of pyrolysis, offers simple and low cost techniques to treat water and reduce carbon footprint. Combining both of these technologies can greatly augment the efficiency of the system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of constructed wetlands by using biochar as media. Horizontal wetland beds with dimension ($1m{\times}0.33m{\times}0.3m$) were prepared using gravels and biochar, and cultivated with the Canna species. Synthetic wastewater was passed through these beds with average flow rate of $1.2{\times}10^{-7}m^3/sec$ achieving a retention time of three days. Pollutant removal performance was compared between the controlled and experimental wetland beds. This study reveals that the wetland with biochar were more efficient as compared to the wetland with gravels alone with average removal rate of 91.3% COD, 58.3% TN, 58.3% $NH_3$, 92% $NO_3-N$, 79.5% TP, and 67.7% $PO_4$.

• 통합자연과학논문집
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.89-97
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• 2022

This paper presents the comprehensive feasibility study of solar mini-grid project located in Bajhang District, Sudur Paschim Province, Nepal. The study has been conducted with the aim of developing a suitable size solar mini-grid system to meet electricity demand of proposed settlements of the village people. The study forecasts that the estimated average daily peak power consumption of load is about 20kW and average daily energy demand of load is about 100-150kWh/day in the base year 2022. The shared ratio of productive end uses is about 25% of the total power consumption and about 27% of the total energy demand, which will be used for small business/income generation activities and required 45kWp size solar power generation mini-grid system. The estimated project cost for the proposed 45kW solar mini-grid system technology, including 3 years of operation & maintenance, as well as power distribution network up to end user's premises is about 0.24 million USD. It is concluded that 45kWp photovoltaic mini-grid is feasible for the location.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.1469-1474
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• 2003

Twenty four weaner lambs, eight each of Marwari, Patanwadi and Merino${\times}$Patanwadi breeds (9.9 to 10.8 kg) were randomly divided into two dietary treatments on body weight basis Viz. $T_1$-conventional (Maize-38%, GN Cake-25%, Rice Polish-24%, Jaggery solution-10%, Mineral mixture-3%) and $T_2$-supplemented non conventional group (GN Cake-25%, Rice Polish-14%, Mango seed kernel-25%, Babul Pods chuni-23%, Jaggery solution-10%, Mineral mixture-3%). The Jaggery solution was prepared by mixing 6.5 kg Jaggery and 3.5 kg water. The average final body weight at the end of the experiment was recorded to be $19.33{\pm}0.76$ and $19.72{\pm}0.8kg$ in conventional and non-conventional groups, respectively. The total dry matter intake (DMI) during the entire experiment period was recorded to be $89.56{\pm}5.19$ and $95.08{\pm}1.06$ (kg/head) and $532.83{\pm}9.94$ and $566.75{\pm}10.49g/d$ in conventional and nonconventional groups, respectively. The body weight gain and body measurements did not influenced by diet. The ration effect was found to be significant when the DMI was expressed in terms of g/d. The crude protein (CP) and digestible crude protein (DCP) intake/head and per kg gain observed during experiment under conventional and non-conventional treatment group did not differ from each other. However, the total digestible nutrients (TDN) intake per kg gain was significantly (p<0.05) higher in supplemented non-conventional group. The intake values of DCP and TDN were more or less in agreement with Indian Council Agricultural Research (1985) recommendations. The estimated total feed cost (Rs./animal) for experimental lambs was $274.16{\pm}8.57$ and $242.67{\pm}5.10$ in conventional and non- group, respectively. The non-conventional group had significantly (p<0.05) lower feed cost (11.6%). The return as percent of feed cost and feed cost/kg dressed weight were $92.89{\pm}5.58$ (%) and Rs. $35.40{\pm}1.11$ and $122.61{\pm}5.06$ (%) and Rs.$30.47{\pm}1.71$ in conventional and non-conventional group (p<0.05), respectively which is the reflection of significantly lower total feed cost incurred during feeding in non-conventional group. Lambs fed non-conventional based diet had similar live weights as those fed conventional diets but costed less money to achieve those weights.

• 에너지공학
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.129-143
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• 2015

기후변화와 에너지안보에 대한 우려가 심화되면서 온실가스 감축을 위한 다양한 방안들이 제시되어 왔다. 특히 수송부문에서의 온실가스 감축은 핵심적인 정책목표로 논의되었으며. 최근 자동차 배기가스 배출 규제가 강화되는 추세에서 온실가스 배출이 없는 전기차(EV) 도입이 다각도로 조명을 받고 있다. V2G(Vehicle-to-Grid)기술은 전기차시장의 급격한 성장 전망으로 인한 전력수요증가에 대응하는 기술로써, 전기차 소유의 경제성을 높여줄 뿐만 아니라 전력망 안정성을 유지하며 전력부하의 분산효과도 기대되고 있다. 본 연구는 V2G를 적용한 전기차의 총소유비용을 산출하여 이를 내연기관차와 일반전기차와 비교하였다. V2G를 도입한 전기차는 연 평균 약 21만원의 수익을 발생하여 V2G 서비스 공급 기간동안 총 211만원의 수익을 얻게 되는 것으로 나타났고, 이는 운영기간동안 총 242만원의 비용이 발생하는 일반전기차와 비교해 약 453만원의 차이가 난다. 따라서 V2G 전기차의 총소유비용은 동급 내연기관차보다 10.2% 높고 일반전기차보다 6.1% 낮은 결과가 도출되었다. 보조금이 없을 경우 전기차는 아직까지 내연기관차에 비해 소유비용이 높지만 V2G 도입은 전기차의 상대적 경제성을 높여주는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 V2G 도입에 있어서는 전력망과 관련 산업이 얻는 긍정적 효과를 함께 고려하여 정책적 검토가 이뤄져야 한다.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.75-90
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• 2001

Although it is presumed that cancer patients take various alternative therapies, the present status is not well recognized. The purpose of this study is to survey alternative therapies used by cancer patients receiving radiation therapy and then, find associated factors of taking alternative therapies. The study subjects were composed of those who receiving radiation therapy in the department of radiation oncology in 5 hospitals located at Extended Busan city and who were on follow-up after medical cure. They were 394 male and female patients over 20 years old. The mean age of the subjects was 53.2 years old and the age ranged from 23 to 83 years old. 188 patients($47.7\%$) used alternative therapies. Total 68 different kinds of alterative therapies were used, average 7.3 kinds per patient were experienced, and average total cost expenditure was 2,830,000 won. Among the alternative therapies, black bean($38.8\%$) was the most commonly used and brown rice($38.3\%$), ganoderm lucidum($37.8\%$), elm tree($33.5\%$), and phellinus linteus($30.8\%$) were followed in order of frequency. However in considering the time, cost and effort spent, phellinus linteus was the first. In terms of cost, phellinus linteus was the highest with average expenditure of 2,740,000 won. Among the motivation of using alternative therapies, expecting auxiliary help for the hospital therapy was the highest ($31.4\%$). About half of users($56.9\%$) of alternative therapies were recommended by their relatives to use alternative therapies. In comparing the characteristics of experienced and unexperienced groups, alternative therapy was experienced significantly more in patients of younger age(p=0.001), in patient of higher educational level(p=0.001), and in patients of higher income(p=0.030) The proportion of using alternative therapies was significantly higher in the group treated with chemotherapy(p=0.005), and in the patients who did not satisfy with radiation therapy(p=0.001). The frequency of drinking was significantly higher tendency in the inexperienced group(p=0.046), There was no significant difference in marital status, job, religion, other disease, surgical operation of the cancer and smoking staus between the two groups. Among the unexperienced group, $34.0\%$ of the patients did not take the alternative therapies because they did not have know]edge for the alternatives, and $22.3\%$ worried about negative effects on hospital-based therapy $58.7\%$ of them were willing to take the alternative therapies if the effects and safety were proven by the government or research institutes. $21.9\%$ of the patients wanted to take the alternatives if they were affordable. $72.3\%$ of the patients was willing to take them if their families recommend, but $27.2\%$ responded they would not take them in any situation. Conclusively, various kinds of alternative therapies which were not proved medically were exposed to patients, In these circumstances, it is required to investigate, study and evaluate the medical effects and safety of the alternative therapies.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.215-227
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• 2018

한국은 단기간에 IT강국으로 급성장함에 따라 사이버 폭력, 개인정보 유출, 사이버 테러 등 사이버상의 각종 부작용이 새로운 사회적 문제로 대두되고 있다. 특히 안전한 사이버 생활의 기본이 되는 개인정보 유출에 대한 심각성은 전 세계적으로 심각한 문제로 부각되고 있다. 이와 관련하여 개인정보 유출에 따른 피해비용 규모의 추정이 필요한데 이와 관련한 연구는 국내에서는 아직 미흡한 상황이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 개인정보 유출에 따른 피해비용 산출 모델을 실거래 평균값 기반, 개인 인식 가치 기반, 보상금액 기반, 타 국가 기반의 네 가지 방식을 제시한다. 그리고, 2007년부터 2016년까지의 뉴스와 보고서 등의 자료를 분석하여 10년간의 개인정보 유출사건을 수집하여 피해비용을 추정하였다. 추정에 활용한 사건의 수는 65건이고 총 개인정보 유출 건수는 약 4억 3천만 건에 이른다. 추정결과 2016년의 개인정보 유출로 인한 피해비용은 최소 74억에서 최대 220조로 추산되었으며 10개년도 평균은 연간 약 107억에서 307조로 추산 되었다. 또한 개인정보 유출로 인한 추정 피해액이 3년 주기로 상승하는 특이점을 발견할 수 있었다. 앞으로 본 연구를 통해 개인정보 유출로 인한 피해비용을 조금 더 정확하게 측정할 수 있는 지표를 마련하고 그 피해비용을 줄일 수 있는 방안 마련의 지표로 사용되기를 기대한다.

• 한국비블리아학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.178-210
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• 1974

It needs to put into practice the systems analysis in the analysis of some operations and status of library for the purpose of systematizing the work of reforming in the new easier form to process, to storage, to retrieve and to make use of the increasing informations and data of library. In this study, some of systems which are generally using in every library was caught in the case study of K university library. Having analyzed them with the two methods of the flowcharting and mathematical analysis, we found the obstructive factors in operation. As the result of this research, it was gained the new system as the alternative one. A. Alternative System B. Advantages of alternative systems 1. In the reference room When it converts the present system into the new system, it can profit 6.771 won/user (13.815won-7.044won=6.771 won). Therefore, a half the average required cost of the present system can be saved. If this saving would be alloted for the cost 33,000won required to make the cataloging cards, it would be taken for 94 days (33,000 won ${\div}$ 6,771 won/user=4,874users. 4,874users ${\div}$ 52users/day=94days) to get it. The saving cost/year by the new system will be 95,417 won, and in the first year the initial cost (33,000won) reduces the saving cost to 62,417won. 2. In the periodical room The average required time for using the materials of the present system is 17 minutes/user and the average required cost/user is 23.775won, while the average required time of the new system is 4 minutes and the average required cost/user is 5.33won. Therefore, the new system has profit 4 times of the present system. Accordingly, it occurs when the dispersed periodical materials get together. 3. In the classification and cataloging When one processes - the oriental books - by the Linear Programming Technique, the maximum of the process can be increased from 11.6 volumes per librarian of the present system to 12 volumes per librarian of the new system increased 0.4 volume in a day, and cataloging by the manual printer can be shorten from 3 minutes per card of the present system to 1.5 minutes per card of the new system. Consequently, we can complete the other operations (books equipment, updating of cataloging cards, etc.) with 141 minutes which are saved in the course of the afore-mentioned works. 4. In the status of collections The average growth rate of 4 years from 1968 to 1971 is 9.825 %, and that of the purchased materials is 6.2% similar to the advanced nations, but it has the different position from 215,000 volumes by the Standard Degree for Establishment of College and University, and the difference between the total collections 151,671 volumes and Dunns' growth model ($N_t=N_oe^{-at}$) claimed by Leimkuhler 155,297 volumes in 1971 is 3,626 volumes, and for the purpose of compensation the difference, we found the fact that it needs to have the increased budget of 24~30% per year, Thus, if the budget of 24~30 % per year. Thus, if the budget would be increased per year as the rate of the afore-mentioned figure, it would be reached at the Standard Degree for Establishment of College and University in 1975, and thereafter, it can be decreased to the lebel which is able to maintain the growth rate of 5~6% per year.