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Utilization of Cotton Stalks-Biomass Waste in the Production of Carbon Adsorbents by KOH Activation for Removal of Dye-Contaminated Water

  • Fathy, Nady A. (Surface chemistry and Catalysis Laboratory, National Research Centre) ;
  • Girgis, Badie S. (Surface chemistry and Catalysis Laboratory, National Research Centre) ;
  • Khalil, Lila B. (Surface chemistry and Catalysis Laboratory, National Research Centre) ;
  • Farah, Joseph Y. (Chemical Engineering Department, National Research Centre)
  • Received : 2010.08.02
  • Accepted : 2010.09.14
  • Published : 2010.09.30
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Abstract

Four activated carbons were produced by two-stage process as followings; semi-carbonization of indigenous biomass waste, i.e. cotton stalks, followed by chemical activation with KOH under various activation temperatures and chemical ratios of KOH to semi-carbonized cotton stalks (CCS). The surface area, total pore volume and average pore diameter were evaluated by $N_2$-adsorption at 77 K. The surface morphology and oxygen functional groups were determined by SEM and FTIR, respectively. Batch equilibrium and kinetic studies were carried out by using a basic dye, methylene blue as a probe molecule to evaluate the adsorption capacity and mechanism over the produced carbons. The obtained activated carbon (CCS-1K800) exhibited highly microporous structure with high surface area of 950 $m^2/g$, total pore volume of 0.423 $cm^3/g$ and average pore diameter of 17.8 ${\AA}$. The isotherm data fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm with monolayer adsorption capacity of 222 mg/g for CCS-1K800. The kinetic data obtained at different concentrations were analyzed using a pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion equations. The pseudo-second-order model fitted better for kinetic removal of MB dye. The results indicate that such laboratory carbons could be employed as low cost alternative to commercial carbons in wastewater treatment.

Keywords

References

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