• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.429-447
• /
• 1995

This study was designed to determine the most effective concentration of fluoride and levels of laser irradiation for the remineralization of decayed teeth. After irradiation with a pulsed Nd:YAG laser and the topical application of fluoride, phosphate and fluoride concentration in enamel were measured. And then the changes on surface enamel using an scanning electron microscope were observed. Samples by extraction healthy, permanent, mandibular bovine teeth with no caries were obtained. Among them 371 healthy samples were selected and artificial carious lesions were made. 20 samples were assigned to each experimental group. After irradiation with a pulsed Nd:YAG laser with total energy densities of 10J/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 20J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ for each group. On the teeth, 2% NaF, 1.9% NH4F, 1.6% TiF4 Elmex gel(amine fluoride) and 1.23% APF gel were applied. After pH circulatory procedures, concentrations of fluoride with and Ionalyzer (Orion Research, Model 901, USA) and phosphates with an Uv/V is spectrophotometer (Uvikon 860, Kontrom Co, Switzerland) were measured. By etching the teeth in layers and measuring fluoride concentrations, a profile of fluoride penetration according to depth could be developed. And also the changes on the surface of the enamel using an electron scanning microscope were observed. The comparative analysis yielded the following results : 1. Phosphate concentration was low in all groups compared with the control group except for teeth treated Elmex gel, irradiated with 10J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and 30J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ energy densities. Teeth treated with APF gel and 30J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ irradiation gad the lowest phosphate concentration. 2. Among all groups, fluoride concentrations in tooth enamel were highest in APF gel and NaF groups irradiated at 30J/$\textrm{cm}^2$. The APF gel group had the highest fluoride concentrations across all energy densities. 3. In the APF gel group, and the NaF group, the greater the energy density of the laser, the higher the fluoride concentrations in the enamel. 4. In all groups, the concentration of fluoride in the enamel by depth tended to decrease with depth. 5. Under the scanning electron microscope, under the condition of irradiation with 20J/$\textrm{cm}^2$, enamel crack was detected for the first time. In the NH4F group, spherical deposits were found on the surface of the enamel, and in the TiF4 group the surface of enamel was covered with an irregular, thin membranous mass in places. In the APF gel and NaF groups irradiated with 10J/$\textrm{cm}^2$, spherical and irregular particles covered the teeth. When these groups were irradiated at 20J/cm2, they were covered with amorphous crystals. These results suggest that one could obtain more effective anticariogenic effects without damage to teeth when less than 20J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ energy densities and APF gel are used.

• 대한소아치과학회지
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.522-529
• /
• 2001

본 실험은 소아치과에서 널리 이용하고 있는 우식예방법인 불소도포가 치면열구전색재와 법랑질과의 결합에 미치는 영향을 알아보는 것이다. 1, 2, 3, 4군은 unfilled sealant인 Teethmate A(Kuraray, Japan)를, 5, 6, 7, 8군은 filled sealant인 Ultraseal XT(Ultradent, U.S.A.)를 이용하였고 1군과 5군은 불소로 전처리를 하지 않았으며 2군과 6군은 1.23% APF인 60 second taste(Pascal Company, U.S.A.)로 전처리하고 3군과 7군은 2.0% NaF인 Swirl(Biomedica Concepts, U.S.A.)로 전처리하였으며 4군과 8군은 불소를 함유한 세마재인 Nupro(Johnson & Johnson Consumer Product Inc., U.S.A.)로 치면세마를 시행하였다. 준비된 시편은 산부식한 후 직경 3mm, 높이 2mm의 몰드를 이용하여 30초간 전색재의 중합을 시행하였고 열순환 후 전단강도를 측정하였다. unfilled sealant의 경우 각 군간에 유의한 차이가 없었지만 filled sealant의 경우 5군과 8군에 비해 6군과 7군은 유의하게 낮은 결합강도를 나타내었다(p<0.05).

• 대한치과의사협회지
• /
• 제12권10호
• /
• pp.767-770
• /
• 1974

A 12 years old patient having rampant dental caries on permanent dentition has been treated under operative procedures. In addition to this operative treatment the nutritional survey and the caries activity was checked, and performed the oral hygiene instruction to the patient. As the consequences of above procedures the following results were obtained: 1. The familial history and eating habits checkings were helpful for better dental health guide and caries control. 2. The restriction of mono & disaccharide intake and topical application of 8% stannous fluoride at least two times revealed excellent control effect for recurrent dental caries.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• 제25권3호
• /
• pp.668-678
• /
• 1995

In order to evaluate the therapeutic effect of argon laser irradiation on hypersensitive root, 60 mandibular premolars that had been extracted due to periodontal disease were treated by thorough scaling, root planing and root conditioning with tetracycline HCI(100mg/ml, 5 min.) for induction of hypersensitive root. Within middle one third of root mesial surface(30) or distal surface(30) was randomly irradiated by 0.5W-, 0.75W- and 1.0W-power for 2 minutes argon laser(HGM Inc., USA) with or without topical application of 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel(Pascal, USA). After all teeth were maintained in 2% methylene blue solution for 48 hours and cross-sectioned through irradiated surface of dried roots, methylene blue stained area was compared between irradiated side and nonirradiated side. Following results were obtained : 1. Methylene blue stained area was significantly less in the laser irradiated group than control group(p<0.05). 2. There was no significant difference in methylene blue stained area between 0.5W-power and 0.75W-power group(p>0.1) and between 0.75W-power and 1.0W-power group(p>0.1), but there was significant difference between 0.5W-power and 1.0W-power group(p<0.05). 3. There was no significant difference in methylene blue stained area between two groups with and without topical application of 0.12% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel(p>0.1). The results suggest that argon laser irradiation on hypersensitive root may reduce the hypersensitivity by obstruction of dentinal tubules.

• 대한소아치과학회지
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.377-398
• /
• 1999

불소도포시 주로 형성되는 calcium fluoride는 구강내 환경에서 pH에 의해 조절되는 불소의 저장고 역할을 하여 치아우식 예방에 있어서 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 불소도포의 우식예방 효과는 calcium fluoride를 얼마나 많이 형성시켜 오래 지속시키는 가에 달려 있다. 이에 치아 내산성 증가에 효과 있다고 알려진 Nd:YAG 레이저 조사가 calcium fluoride형성 및 치아 내산성에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보기 위해서 실험을 시행하였다. 소의 영구전치에서 276개의 시편을 제작하여 아무런 처치를 하지 않은 군을 대조군으로 하고 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) 5분, 30분 도포 및 Nd:YAG 레이저 조사에너지 밀도 $20J/cm^2,\;40J/cm^2$의 조건에 따라 불소 도포군, 레이저 조사군, 불소 도포후 레이저 조사군, 레이저 조사후 불소 도포군으로 분류하였다. 불소도포를 시행한 경우 이를 다시 KOH 처리 여부에 따라 나누어 23개의 실험조건을 만들었다. 각 실험조건에 12개의 시편을 배정하고 이중 10개의 시편은 불소 및 무기인 측정에, 나머지 2개의 시편은 표면 관찰에 사용하였다. KOH 비처치군에서 0.1 N HClO4로 enamel biopsy를 시행하여 탈회 법랑질의 불소농도 및 탈회깊이를 측정하였으며 KOH 처치군에서는 1 M KOH로 24시간 처리하여 calcium fluoride를 정량 후 enamel biopsy를 시행하였다. 실험결과 얻어진 자료 및 주사 전자현미경 관찰 소견을 비교하여 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 1. KOH 비처치군에서 탈회된 법랑질의 불소농도는 레이저조사 후 불소도포시 레이저 에너지 밀도 증가에 따라 증가되는 경향을 보였다. 2. KOH 비처치군에서 법랑질 탈회깊이는 불소를 5분 도포후 레이저 $20J/cm^2$를 조사한 경우를 제외하고는 레이저와 불소를 병행하여 처치시 각각을 단독으로 처치시보다 탈회깊이가 작았다 (p<0.05). 3. Calcium fluoride의 양은 레이저의 조사에 의해 유의 있게 증가하지 않았다 (p>0.05). 4. Calcium fluoride 입자는 불소만 도포한 경우에 비해 레이저 조사후 불소도포시 입자크기가 증가되었으며, 불소도포후 레이저 조사시 입자크기의 증가와 함께 일부 융합된 양상을 보였다. 5. KOH 처치군에서 법랑질의 불소농도는 불소를 30분 도포후 레이저를 조사한 경우를 제외하고는 대조군의 불소농도와 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 6. KOH 처치군에서 불소와 레이저를 병행한 경우, 불소만 도포한 경우보다 탈회된 법랑질의 깊이가 작았다 (p<0.05). 7. KOH 비처치군에서 탈회된 법랑질의 불소농도와 탈회깊이의 상관관계(Spearman correlation coefficient: -0.6281)는 KOH 처치군(Spearman correlation coefficient: -0.3792)에 비해 높은 음의 상관 관계를 보였고, 동일한 조건으로 불소도포 및 레이저 조사를 시행한 경우에 있어서 KOH 처리 여부에 따른 탈회법랑질 깊이의 유의차가 있는 경우 calcium fluoride의 형성량이 많았다. 이상의 실험결과로 미루어 보아 레이저 조사가 calcium fluoride의 형성량에 영향을 미치지 않았으나 레이저 조사의 영향으로 calcium fluoride의 용해가 감소하는 것으로 판단된다. 또한 불소도포 및 레이저 조사의 병행은 각각을 단독으로 처치한 경우에 비하여 치아 내산성 증가면에서 유리하므로 임상에서 불소도포주기 연장과 같은 유용한 결과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.207-224
• /
• 1996

This study was designed to determine the most effective concentration of fluoride and energy density of laser irradiation for the anticarious effect. For this study surface hardness in enamel was measured before and after irradiation with pulsed Nd;YAG laser and the topical application of fluoride. Of the permanent mandibular anterior hovine teeth, healthy, carious free ones were used. Three hundred specimens were made. Specimens within 25~45 Vickers hardness numbers were assigned to 20 control and experimental stoops ; each containing 15 specimens. After forming artificial carious lesions, 10 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 20 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$, and 30 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ energies were irradiated on the enamel surface of each experimental group. Also NaF, NH4F, Elmex gel(amine fluoride) and APF gel fluoride compounds were applied topically. Next, all the specimens were placed into the pH circulatory procedures for eight days. Vickers hardness numbers were measured using a microhardness tester. Surface changes of the enamel were observed using an scanning electron microscope. The comparative ana1ysis yielded the following results : 1. The reduction of surface hardness of the enamel surface was less in all groups with fluoride application than in the group without fluoride application. 2. The APF gel croup with 10 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ irradiation showed the lowest reduction of surface hardness. 3. The reduction of surface hardness of the enamel surface in the group of laser irradiation without fluoride application not showed any significant difference according to the energy density of the laser. 4. Under the scanning electron microscope, in enamel irradiated with 10J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ showed appearance similar to acid etching surface. In enamel irradiated with 20 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$, line enamel crack was detected. In enamel irradiated with 30j/$\textrm{cm}^2$, severe enamel crack and fusion of enamel were detected. These results suggest that one could obtain the best anticariogenic effects without damage to teeth in the group of application of APF gel after laser irradiation with 10 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$.

• 치위생과학회지
• /
• 제6권4호
• /
• pp.303-307
• /
• 2006

지난 수십 년간 소아의 치아우식증 예방과 성인의 지각과민증 둔화에 여러가지 국소불소도포를 이용하면서, 보다 효과적이면서도 사용이 용이하고 다양하게 적용될 수 있는 최선의 방법을 모색하고자 노력해왔다. 이에 본 연구에서는 불소이온영동 시 전류와 시간에 따라 법랑질에 흡수된 불소농도의 차이를 분석해보기 위함이다. 구강에서 교정치료를 위해 발거한 건전한 치아 40개를 선택하여 0.2 mA와 0.5 mA의 전류에서 시행한 실험군과 1개의 대조군으로 분류한 후, 각 실험군은 3개의 아군(1, 3, 및 5분군)으로 재분류하여 한 군당 5~6개의 치아를 선정하였고, 2% 불화나트륨 용액으로 이온영동을 시행하여 법랑질 표면적이 $9mm^2$($3{\times}3mm$)가 되도록 시료를 제작하였다. 법랑질 표면의 불소농도는 X-선 광전자분광분석과 주사전자현미경 관찰로 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 불소이온영동된 시료의 X-선 광전자분광분석 결과, 법랑질 표면의 원소 중 불소의 비율은 대조군이 0.49%임에 비해 '1분', '3분' 및 '5분' 동안의 실험 군에서는 02전류에서 각각 2.67%, 2.79%, 3.04%이었고, 0.5 mA전류에서는 2.71, 2.87 및 3.80%로 나타났다. 2. 주사전자현미경적 소견으로 불소이온영동 초기에는 법랑질 표면에 불규칙하고 석회화된 결정체 입자들이 침착된 형상으로 나타났고, 불소이온영동 시간이 경과될수록 법랑질 내에서 반응이 일어나 새로운 기반이 형성되어 균질한 양상을 나타냈다. 이상의 연구결과로 0.5 mA 의 전류에서 '5분' 동안 불소이온영동을 시행할 시 법랑질 표면에 불화인회석이 형성되는 양상으로 나타났다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
• /
• 제34권4호
• /
• pp.613-622
• /
• 2007

본 연구의 목적은 법랑질 시편에 수종의 불소 제재를 도포한 후 우식 예방 효과를 광밀도 및 미세경도 측정을 통해 평가하는 것이다. 소의 절치를 이용하여 80개의 법랑질 시편을 제작하고 각 군당 20개씩, 네 군으로 나누었다. I군은 대조군으로서 아무런 처치도 하지 않았고 II군은 acidulated phosphate fluoride(APF) gel(60 seconds $taste^{(R)}$, PASCAL, USA)을 4분간 적용한 후 수세하였다. III군은 Fluor $Protector^{(R)}$(Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein)를, IV군은 $CavityShield^{TM}$(Omnii Pharmaceuticals, USA)를 1분간 도포하고 증류수에 보관한 뒤 24시간 후 부드러운 모를 가진 칫솔을 이용하여 칫솔질하였다. 각 시편을 인공우식용액에 48시간동안 침잠시켜 인공우식병소를 유발한 후 광밀도를 컴퓨터 영상분석 프로그램으로 분석하고 표면미세경도를 측정하여 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 1. 광밀도는 APF gel을 도포한 II군에 비해 불소 바니쉬를 도포한 III, IV군이 높았으나(p<0.05) III군과 IV군 사이의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 2. 표면미세경도는 IV군, III군, II군, I군의 순으로 높았다(p<0.05). 3. $CavityShield^{TM}$를 도포한 IV군과 Fluor $Protector^{(R)}$를 도포한 III군은 광밀도에서는 유의한 차이가 없었으나 표면 미세경도는 IV군이 III군보다 유의하게 높았다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 불소 바니쉬가 APF gel에 비해 법랑질 탈회 억제 효과가 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 임상적용의 용이성과 안전성을 고려할 때 불소 바니쉬의 사용이 영유아나 장애인에게 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

• International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.209-215
• /
• 2018

In recent years, the numbers of the orthodontic dental patients have been rapidly increased in adolescent or young adult aged generation. It has been well known that it would be very hard to control the oral hygiene cares for orthodontic applied dental patient because of the complexity of the appliance. So the caries prevalence of the orthodontic dental patients would be higher than non-appliance persons, and it might be easy to cause the dental caries especially on the labial or buccal surface of the tooth through equipping the fixed type appliance with a long period, even though the alignment of the teeth would be arranged well. So, the massive preventive program for preventive dentistry should be needed for the dental patients for orthodontic treatment, in order to protect the dental caries and the periodontal disease for them. But, lots of the dentists or dental hygienists sometimes neglect of this point for preventive dental cares orthodontic dental patients, or do not know the importance and how to manage the skill for the preventive dental works in clinical. In this article, it will be introduced the basic theories and skills for preventive cares as tooth-brushing instruction, fluoride topical application and pit and fissure sealant, scaling and professional mechanical tooth cleansing and the diet control, for the dental patients with the fixed type of the orthodontic appliance, in case by case.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• 제45권2호
• /
• pp.20.1-20.14
• /
• 2020

Objectives: To minimize the tooth sensitivity caused by in-office bleaching, many dentists use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and topical desensitizing gels containing potassium nitrate and sodium fluoride. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of these substances on inflammation and the expression of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in pulp nerve fibers. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two rats were divided into 6 groups as follows: GI, control; GII, only dental bleaching; GIII, only ibuprofen; GIV, ibuprofen administered 30 minutes before and after the bleaching treatment and every 12 hours until the analysis; GV, only topical application of a desensitizing agent; and GVI, topical application of a desensitizing agent before dental bleaching. Placebo gel was applied to the upper left jaw and the bleaching agent was applied to the upper right jaw in all groups. Subsequently, the groups were divided into 3 subgroups based on the time of analysis: 0, 24, and 48 hours after bleaching (n = 8). The rats were euthanized and the maxillae were processed and evaluated by histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Dunn test (p < 0.05). Results: In the bleaching groups, the inflammatory process and expression of neuropeptides decreased over time. The animals in which a desensitizing agent was applied showed better results within 24 hours. Conclusions: The use of a desensitizing agent had positive effects on inflammation and pain-related neuropeptide expression, minimizing the painful effects of dental bleaching treatment.