• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.67-84
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• 2015

Although the bottom-up rural area development project was conceived with great expectations, the general evaluation of the project so far reveals that it does not significantly differ from projects carried out in a top-down manner. This paper examines the nature of the bottom-up rural area development project with a focus on its background, including the roles of authority and project participants. Results revealed that the project was designed to be implemented in line with the state affairs ideology of the leader in a negative position of bureaucratic society. Though the form of implementation for the project seemed bottom-up as seen in the process of the roles and authorities in supporting organizations the top-down method of implementation can be seen in the authorities and roles of the central government. It was also noticed that the private sector, designed to elicit participation of various experts, looked to be managed and controlled by public organizations. The abovementioned signifies that the Korea rural area development project has been implemented not in a bottom-up manner but rather in an ever-strong top-down manner, which means that the central government holds more responsibility for the project's results, evaluation, and discussions. Furthermore, as seen in the background of the project, policies have been implemented in a top-down manner without the confidence of the bureaucratic society. Therefore, in order to implement a proper bottom-up rural area development project, there is a need for the bureaucratic society to have confidence in the rural societies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.96-105
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• 1995

The better industry develops, the more spaces need but in the limited area. Most building become larger and more complicated if the more spaces need in the constant area. And this leads to do underground work in long period generally six(6) months for 6 basement stories due to the selection of TOP DOWN technique. Working environment in this underground area can be problems and should not be overlooked, because air quality in underground spaces become quickly worse. Recently, department name to control construction safety has been changed to ENVIRONMENT & SAFETY TEAM from SAFETY TEAM. This means that it is very important to control against environmental condition at site so much. Overall construction work as well as underground work should conform to the requirement of working environment, particularly against inhabitants around the construction area. Strut protection, one of earth protection method, in case to 40m long strut may become weaker due to thermal stress or its longitudinally compressive strain and the another one, earth anchor protection may not be applied to the site In case of encroaching on vertical underground borderline because of regulation to prohibit it. It is necessary that TOP DOWN technique should be introduced in order to solve the external and internal problem of the site such as difficulty level of the work, potential danger with excavating depth, and shortening workperiod. It is needed that improving way of working condition should be shown and simplified computer simulation program should be also provided for checking pollution level & ventilation, excluding of lighting problem here. Results measured with conformance to the Regulation for Working Environment Measurement, enforced by Ministry of Labor have been applied to the computer program developed here. Sample air taken at unit workplace which was considered as exposing condition of pollutant at breathing point and within a range of behavior of the workers, Identified exposing group in underground work, using Moded Flow Life Finally, three types of ventilation system, type I with blower & ventilator, type II natural supply with mechanical ventilation system, and type I mechanical ventilation with Drivent Fan Unit System are selected for this study.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.233-236
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• 2003

In this paper, we propose a method to search the evidence such as a knife found in the crime scene based on GHT from an image database Such objects like knives are simitar in shape. The proposed method utilizes the small shape differences among objects as much as possible to distinguish an object from similar shaped objects. It consists of the GHT based candidate generation and top-down candidate verification. For the fast generation of the candidate 1ist, the GHT operation is performed un the down sampled edge list. The test results show that it can retrieve the correct object even with a pan of object in reasonable time.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics B
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• v.28B no.7
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• pp.566-577
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• 1991

In this paper, the method of image segmentation based on a pyramid of reduced resolution versions of the input input image is persented. In a pyramid structure, two regions (a given pixel and its mother pixels) are compared by the proposed inverse-mother-son variance ratio (IMSVR) method for the detection of an optinal object pixel and are determined whether they are similar enough to be viewed as one region or disparate to be viewed as ditinct regions By the proposed method, an l`timal object pixel has been setectedat some level, it is necessary to retrieve its boundary precisely. Moving down the pyramid to levels of higher resolution is requires. In this paper, the top-sown pyramid traversing algorithm for an image segmentation using a pyrmid structure is presented. Using the computer simulation, the results by the proposed statistical method and object traversing method are investigated for the binary image and the real image at the results of computer simulation, the proposed method of image segmentation based on a pyramid structure seem to have useful properties and deserve consideration as a possible alternative to existing methods of omage segmentation. The computation for the proposed method is required 0 (log n), for an TEX>$n{\times}n$ input image.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.103-109
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• 2007

This paper presents behavioral models using SIMULINK and Verilog-a for a PLL based fractional-N frequency synthesizer. By adopting a top-down approach along with the traditional bottom-up transistor level design in parallel, the design time is greatly shortened, and a co-verification method for both the digital and the analog part is considered. Under this consideration, the SIMULINK modeling reduces simulation time and easily estimates the PLL's performance on the top level. Verilog-a is able to verify the feasibility of each blocks at first hand because it is compatible with transister level circuits. Then, an efficient way of the design is presented by comparing the results of both models.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.793-803
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• 2021

The small PWR has been paid more and more attention due to its diversity of application and flexibility in the site selection. However, the large core power density, the small containment space and the rapid accident progress characteristics make it difficult to control the containment pressure like the traditional PWR during the LOCA. The pressure suppression system has been used by the BWR since the early design, which is a suitable technique that can be applied to the small PWR. Since the configuration and operating conditions are different from the BWR, the pressure suppression system should be redesigned for the small PWR. Conducting the experiments on the scale down test facility is a good choice to reproduce the prototypical phenomena in the test facility, which is both economical and reasonable. A systematic scaling method referring to the H2TS method was proposed to determine the geometrical and thermohydraulic parameters of the pressure suppression containment response test facility for the small PWR conceptual design. The containment and the pressure suppression system related thermohydraulic phenomena were analyzed with top-down and bottom-up scaling methods. A set of the scaling criteria were obtained, through which the main parameters of the test facility can be determined.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.43-50
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• 2021

On the construction of new roads, the cut slope is inevitable and thus has been widely applied in the mountainous area. Particularly, the retaining wall with the precast concrete panel is often selected for its higher stability and mostly constructed in bottom-up method. However, the bottom-up method results in steeper slope as 1:0.05 before constructiong retaining wall and thus causes poor compaction at backfill which may induce instability during or after the construction. To overcome this problem, precast concrete panel retaining wall was attached in-situ ground (so called top-down). This paper presents the evaluation of drainage capacity of top-down method which has impermeable layer between panel and mortar being used to increase the ability of attachment of the precast concrete panel.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 1996.11a
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• pp.263-269
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• 1996

A comprehensive scaling method is proposed for a scaled-down facility simulating SBLOCA in the CARR passive reactor (CP-1300). The present method consists of two stages: scaling methodology, and validation of scaling methodology and code. The present scaling methodology is based on the integral response scaling method. Through sensitivity study, the condensation of the top of the CMT is identified as one of the little-known phenomenon with high importance which should be addressed for the applicability of the code. Using the similarity of the derived scaling parameters, the major component geometries of the scaled-down facility are determined. In the case of 1/4 height and 1/100 area ratio scaling, it is found out that the power ratio is the same as the area ratio, and the present scaling methodology generates the design parameters of the scaled-down facility without any distortion.

• IEMEK Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.209-214
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• 2021

Panoptic segmentation, which is now widely used in computer vision such as medical image analysis, and autonomous driving, helps understanding an image with holistic view. It identifies each pixel by assigning a unique class ID, and an instance ID. Specifically, it can classify 'thing' from 'stuff', and provide pixel-wise results of semantic prediction and object detection. As a result, it can solve both semantic segmentation and instance segmentation tasks through a unified single model, producing two different contexts for two segmentation tasks. Semantic segmentation task focuses on how to obtain multi-scale features from large receptive field, without losing low-level features. On the other hand, instance segmentation task focuses on how to separate 'thing' from 'stuff' and how to produce the representation of detected objects. With the advances of both segmentation techniques, several panoptic segmentation models have been proposed. Many researchers try to solve discrepancy problems between results of two segmentation branches that can be caused on the boundary of the object. In this survey paper, we will introduce the concept of panoptic segmentation, categorize the existing method into two representative methods and explain how it is operated on two methods: top-down method and bottom-up method. Then, we will analyze the performance of various methods with experimental results.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.87-99
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• 2009

The top-down method for SOA delivery is recommended as a best way to take advantage of SOA. The core step of SOA delivery is the step of service modeling including service analysis and design based on ontology. Most enterprises know that the top-down approach is the best but they are hesitant to employ it because it requires them to invest a great deal of time and money without it showing any immediate results, particularly because they use well-defined component based systems. In this paper, we propose a service identification method to use a well-defined components maximally as a bottom-up approach. We assume that user's inputs generates events on a GUI and the approximate business process can be obtained from concatenating the event paths. We first find the core GUIs which have many outgoing event calls and form event paths by concatenating the event calls between the GUIs. Next, we adapt sequential pattern mining algorithms to find the maximal frequent event paths. As an experiment, we obtained business services with various granularity by applying a cohesion metric to extracted frequent event paths.