• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.864-873
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was to collect data about oral health to develop preschool children' oral health program. Methods : This research was from July 20th to August 20th, 2008 with self-administrated questionnaires by post and e-mail. The response rate was 57.6%(144 of 250). Results : 1. Daycare center provided fruit(64.6%), bread(56.9%), milk(82.6%), yoghurt(47.9%). daycare center tend to provide cariogenic snacks and drinks such as bread, yoghurt. 2. 73.6% of teachers said they reward children with sweets for good behavior. 3. Activities related to oral health was done in daycare center were : children brush their teeth with fluoride toothpaste(79.9%), catering staff receive the education about nutrition(79.2%), children participate in the activities and training related to food(78.5%), using sugary food at a birthday party(77.3%), annual dental health check-up by a dentist(65.3%). 4. The percentages of guiding principles based on documentation in the topic of the oral health were : coping with a situation where a child injured his or her teeth(76.4%), annual dental health checkup by a dentist(72.2%), teachers supervise children's tooth brushing using a fluoride toothpaste(70.8%). 5. Documented guide or course for oral health includes the following; training for coping with tooth damage(76.4%), annual dental health check-up(72.2%), and coaching children to brush their teeth with toothpaste that contains fluoride(70.8%). Conclusions : It is believed that for better children's oral healthcare, childcare teacher should be given a range of in-depth oral health program. Furthermore, through detailed analysis on the documented guide of oral health, cooperation from the associated organization will be required to have the guide placed at the childcare center.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.167-178
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• 2003

Many researches are being done to study the effect of toothpaste containing natural extracts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the plaque control effect and therapeutic effect of toothpaste products containing chitosan extract. 120 healthy subjects with gingivitis or early periodontitis were divided into two groups. Subjects in the experimental group only used toothpaste containing chitosan and subjects in the control group used toothpaste without chitosan. At first, subjects received scaling and tooth brushing instruction. Gingival index, bleeding index, probing pocket depth, probing attachment level were scored at baseline, 2 months, and 3 months, and plaque index were scored at baseline, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months. Gingival index of experimental group and control group at baseline, 2 months, and 3 months use were 0.71${\pm}$0.66, 0.49${\pm}$0.55, 0.36${\pm}$0.49 and 0.62${\pm}$0.58, 0.51${\pm}$0.52, 0.48${\pm}$0.50 (mean${\pm}$SD), respectively (statistically significant different at p <0.05 ). Plaque index of experimental group and control group at baseline, 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months were 0.52${\pm}$0.50, 0.43${\pm}$0.50, 0.39${\pm}$0.49, 0.29${\pm}$0.46 and 0.49${\pm}$0.50, 0.50${\pm}$0.50, 0.51${\pm}$0.50, 0.45${\pm}$0.50, respectively (statistically significant different at p<0.05 ). Bleeding index of experimental group and control group were 0.40${\pm}$0.49, 0.33${\pm}$0.47, 0.24${\pm}$0.43 and 0.40${\pm}$0.49,0,38${\pm}$0.49,0.30${\pm}$0.46, respectively (statistically significant different at p<0.05). Probing depth of experimental group and control group were 2.41${\pm}$0.64, 2.31${\pm}$0.60, 2.28${\pm}$0.55 and 2.51${\pm}$0.67, 2.47${\pm}$0.63,2.42${\pm}$0.62, respectively (statistically significant different at p${\pm}$0.66, 2.32${\pm}$0.62 and 2.54${\pm}$0.70, 2.51${\pm}$0.69,2.46${\pm}$0.66, respectively (statistically significant different at p<0.05 ). From these finding, it can be concluded that toothpaste containing chitosan have better plaque control effect and therapeutic effect on gingivitis and early periodontitis compared to conventional toothpastes.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.642-647
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• 2014

Although it is not a pathological symptom, Dentinal Hypersensitivity (DH) describes pain felt by patients whose tooth roots are exposed outside of the gums and are therefore sensitive to external stimuli. DH is caused by tooth brushing or gum diseases and treatment to reduce the sensitivity can include use of materials having stimulation activity for DH or a resin material applied periodontally. This study examined the hypersensitivity treatment effects of a four-week treatment with a toothpaste containing hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate (Hap-TCP toothpaste). The Hap-TCP toothpaste was made by mixing a commercially available fluorine-containing toothpaste with 10% (W/W) hydroxyapatite and 19% (W/W) tricalcium phosphate (both 99% purity based on XRD analysis). The tooth hypersensitivity treatment effect was surveyed by scoring VRS values, and showed no significant initial difference compared with the control. However, after 1 week of use, the pain reduction value was 8% in the treatment group compared to the control group. This value increased to 30% and 60% after 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. Hypersensitivity to cold stimulation, which was used as a VAS value, showed no initial significant differences compared with the control, but was significantly decreased after 1, 2, and 4 weeks in the experimental group, with more than a 3-fold difference after 4 weeks. These findings confirmed that remineralization can alleviate DH as hydroxyapatite fills dentinal tubules and calcium, phosphorus, and tricalcium phosphate ion equilibrium is established.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.141-151
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• 1999

To evaluate the effect of cetylpyridinium chloride in a powder form when used concomitantly with a commercial flouride containing tooth paste on inhibition of plaque formation, on gingivitis, and on irritation of oral mucosa, a double--blind, randomized parallel study was set up. Cetylpyridinium chloride was incorporated into a ligh brown colored powder with menthol added for scent. There were no diffemces between the active agent and the placebo which did not contain cetylpyridinium chloride in appearance, color, smell, taste, or dispenser. 98 healthy volunteers were assigned to one of two groups: brushing 3 times a day with flouride toothpaste and cetylpyridinium chloride powder, or brushing 3 times a day with flouride toothpaste and placebo. Before the test period, the subjects received through tooth cleaning and polishing. At basteline, GI, PI, BOP, and GCF of the Ramfjord teeth were measured in the experimental and placebo groups including 58 and 42 subjects repectively, After 4 weeks, GI, PI, BOP, GCF, compliance, irritation of the oral mucosa(redness, pus drainage, edema) and adverse reactions were measured. The PI, GI, and BOP of the experimental group recorded at baseline are 0.19${\pm}$0.19, 0.42${\pm}$0.31, and 0.08${\pm}$0.15. These scores showed significant decrease after 4 weeks of test period(0.11${\pm}$0.15, 0.22${\pm}$0.24, 0.02${\pm}$0.09 repectively at the end of the study) and inhibition of plaque accumulation and resolution of gingival inflammation could be observed. GCF shoed slight increase but this was not statistically different. Comparison of changes in measured scores of control and experimental groupshow GI, PI of the test indices have decreased. Test group showed significantly greater decrease in gingivitis and plaque accumulation after 4 weeks. GCF and BOP also showed greater decrease thant the control group but this difference was not statistically significant. At no time of the study period did any of the subjects show signs of irritation of the oral mucosa or adverse reactions. Following conclusions could be obtained from this study. The combined use of cetl powder and flouride toothpaste showed greater inhibition of plaque accumulation and greater decrease of gingivitis than use of flouride toothpaste with placebo agent.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of hydroxyapatite containing toothpaste for patients who received periodontal therapy and felt hypersensiptivity. Material and Methods: After application of toothpaste, patients were evaluated for VAS(Visual Analog scale) scores to a cold stimulate on baseline, 1 week, and 4 weeks. VAS scores were analyzed by statistical methods. Results: The results of this study were as follows. 1. VAS scores in control group on baseline, 1 week, 4 weeks were $5.39{\pm}2.05$, $4.75{\pm}2.00$, $4.21{\pm}1.75$. 2. VAS scores in experimental group on baseline, 1 week, 4 weeks were $5.61{\pm}2.37$, $4.81{\pm}2.46$, $4.08{\pm}2.54$. 3. Decrease of VAS scores on hypersensitivity after 1week was $0.64{\pm}0.49$(p<.0001) in control group, $0.80{\pm}1.65$ (p<.0001) in experimental group. 4. Decrease of VAS scores on hypersensitivity after 4weeks was $1.18{\pm}1.60$(p<.0001) in control group, $1.53{\pm}1.88$ (p<.0001) in experimental group. 5. When compared, decrease of VAS scores after 1 week between 2 groups were not statistically different(p=0.2622). 6. When compared, decrease of VAS scores after 4 weeks between 2 groups were not statistically different(p=0.1219). Conclusion: It was confirmed that hydroxyapatite containing toothpaste have the similar effect with pre-existing proven dentifrice for relieving teeth hypersensitivity.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.393-398
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• 2019

This study aimed to suggest the optimum number of rinsing by researching changes in optical density and pH in accordance with the number of rinsing after toothbrushing, and then verifying the amount of residual toothpaste in mouth. Total 14 university students who had healthy body with no difficulties in daily life were selected from the students of K university in Daegu as the research subjects. The research subjects rinsed their mouths with 40ml of water from zero time to 12 times after toothbrushing. After collecting each rinsing water, the optical density and pH were measured. In the results of measuring the optical density value of each rinsing water, the rinsing water of six-seven times or more after toothbrushing showed the constant value of optical density, which was statistically significant(p<0.05). There were no differences in accordance with the amount of toothpaste such as 1g, 1.5g, and 2g. Based on such results of this study, it would be necessary to provide the education of the use of dentifrice, and also to have diverse researches on the effects of residual dentifrice in mouth on the oral cavity.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.66-75
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• 1993

Dental abrasive, dicalcium phosphate dehydrate (DCPD) was prepared and the several important factors affecting on the quality of toothpaste were investigated by means of set test, glycerine absorption, Coulter counter test, color difference, BET adsorption, mercury porosimetery, and rheogram comparing with two foreign DCPDs, MFO4 and Dentphos K. Sample DCPD was prepared by reaction between 85% H$_{3}$PO$_{4}$ and 15% milk of lime at $39^{\circ}C$ (pH6.5), and stabilized with TSPP and TMP. The physicochemical properties of Sample DCPD were obtained as follows: whiteness (98.99), average particle size (15.5 $\mu\textrm{m}$), pH (7.9), remainder particle weight (0.49w/w%), glycerine absorption value (64 ml), and set test (passed). N$_{2}$ adsorption curves (BET) of three kinds of DCPD showed non-porous type III isotherm. BET adsorption parameters of sample DCPD showed that surface area was 24.9 m$^{2}$/g, total pore volume 0.09 cm$^{3}$/g and average pore radius 72.0 $\AA$. The rheogram of the toothpaste containing each DCPD showed bulged plastic flow with yield vlaue and thixotropic behavior. These results meet standard requirements as abrasive standard, and suggested that synthesized sample DCPD could be used a dental abrasive such as a high quality grade in practice as foreign DCPDs.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.1-19
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• 2002

Fifteen herbs used in oral medicine were extracted in ethanol and screened for tooth whitening effect, radical scavenging activity, inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase activity and anti-bacterial activity on Streptoccocus mutans. The results are as followed: 1. The tooth whitening effect of toothpaste containing 1 $\%$ ethanol extracts of 15 herbs was tested in brushing method using artificially stained HAT tablet and bovine tooth specimens. Toothpaste containing 1$\%$ of Vucia unijuga, Illicium verum, Angelica dahurica and Piper longum extracts showed tooth whitening effects on both HAT tablet and bovine tooth specimens. But the others did not show a considerable activity. 2. The antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts of 15 herbs was tested using the method of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) reactivity. Two ethanol extracts of Cimicifuga heracleifolia and Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis were found to be the most effective on radical scavenging activity. C. heracleifolia and P. nigra var. henonis extracts removed 86$\%$ and 81 $\%$ of DPPH radical at 0.01$\%$, compared with butylated hydroxy toluene as positive control. 3. The inhibition activity of ethanol extracts on nitrate production In RAW264.7 cell stimulated by lipopolysacchride was tested using the Griess reagent. But all extracts did not inhibit nitrate production. 4. The antibacterial activity on Streptoccocus mutans was tested by paper disk method. But no one extract showed any anti - bacterial activity.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.25 no.3 s.50
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• pp.235-245
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• 1995

The purpose of this paper is to review two recently reported, long-term studies of several chemical methods to control gingivitis and decalcification in adolescent orthodontic patients. The first study(gingivitis study) was designed to determine whether conventional toothbrushing and twice daily use of a brush-on 0.4 per cent $SnF_2$ gel containing more than 90 per cent available $Sn^{2+}$ would be more effective for controlling plaque accumulation and gingivitis in the presence of orthodontic appliances than conventional toothbrushing alone. The second study(decalcification study) was designed to compare the effectiveness of controlling decalcification in orthodontic patients with either a II00 ppm F tooth paste used alone, this same toothpaste and a 0.05 percent NaF rinse or this toothpaste and a 0.4 percent $SnF_2$ gel. In the gingivitis study, sixty-five consecutively treated adolescents who were to receive full-mouth fixed orthodontic appliances were assigned to two groups according to age and sex criteria. In the decalcification study an additional 30 subjects(95 total) were similarly assigned to a third group. The first group(control, n=35) used only toothbrushing with a standard fluoride(1100 ppm F) toothpaste. The second group used toothbrushing with a similar dentifrice supplemented with a 0.4 percent $SnF_2$ gel($SnF_2$ gel group, n=30) used twice daily for the entire 18-month study period. The third group(in the decalcification study only) used a similar toothpaste and 0.05 percent NaF rinse(NgF rinse group, n=30). Clinical assessments of plaque accumulation using the Plaque Index, gingival inflammation using the Gingival Index, and coronal staining were completed single-blinded before appliances were placed and 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18 months after appliances were placed. Decalcification was assessed single blind on all labial surfaces of all erupted teeth before appliances were placed and 3 months after appliances were removed. The results of the gingivitis study indicated that the $SnF_2$ gel gorup had significantly lower scores for the Plaque Index(p<0.01) and Gingival Index(p<0.001) at all examinations during orthodontic treatment than did the control group. In the $SnF_2$ gel group, one subject developed mild coronal staining and two subjects developed moderate staining. In the decalcification study, when pre-treatment levels of decalcification were subtracted from post-treatment values, significantly lower decalcification scores(p<0.05) were found for both whole mouth and first molars in the NaF rinse and gel groups as compared with the control gorup(toothpaste alone). Although the gel group consistently had less decalcification than the rinse group, this difference only approached statistical significance.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.319-324
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• 2011

This study aimed to investigate the current situation of toothbrushing guidance with child care teachers in day care facilities caring and managing infants and young children and to grasp problems neglected in using toothpaste and guiding toothbrushing to provide basic data for measures to cope with them. This study included 165 child care teachers or teachers of the kindergartens who agreed with its purpose. By excluding 10 questionnaires with omitted or conflicting answers, 156 ones were finally analyzed in this study. The correlation between education about oral health and toothbrushing guidance, the subjects with and without the experience of the education did not show any significant difference in time to encourage toothbrushing, behaviors of toothbrushing guidance, guidance on prevention of toothpaste intake and perception of an appropriate amount of toothpaste (p>0.05) while perception of the importance of oral health was significantly related with the education on oral health (p<0.05). Therefore, education system for specialists in oral health to offer a specific and systemic education and oral health education programs for child care teacher, are considered to be necessary.