• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.139-154
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• 2018

R programming is free and open source system associated with a rich and ever-growing set of libraries of functions developed and submitted by independent end-users. It is recognized as a popular tool for handling big data sets and analyzing them. Reflecting these characteristics, R has been gaining popularity from data analysts. However, the antecedents of R technology acceptance has not been studied yet. In this study we identify and investigates cognitive factors contributing to build user acceptance toward R in education environment. We extend the existing technology acceptance model by incorporating social norms and software capability. It was found that the factors of subjective norm, perceived usefulness, ease of use affect positively on the intention of acceptance R programming. In addition, perceived usefulness is related to subjective norms, perceived ease of use, and software capability. The main difference of this research from the previous ones is that the target system is not a stand-alone. In addition, the system is not static in the sense that the system is not a final version. Instead, R system is evolving and open source system. We applied the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to the target system which is a platform where diverse applications such as statistical, big data analyses, and visual rendering can be performed. The model presented in this work can be useful for both colleges that plan to invest in new statistical software and for companies that need to pursue future installations of new technologies. In addition, we identified a modified version of the TAM model which is extended by the constructs such as subjective norm and software capability to the original TAM model. However one of the weak aspects that might inhibit the reliability and validity of the model is that small number of sample size.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.215-236
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• 2016

This paper is related to a study on safety management of cosmic radiation in the aviation area, and as a comprehensive study encompassing not only aviation crew but also aviation traffic users, presents issues on an exposure to the cosmic radiation which authors predict may be intensified in a time to come. Although the government of the Republic of Korea has recently activated regulations related to the cosmic radiation, the following improvement measures are further urged to be carried out not only as a regulatory improvement for pushing ahead with effectiveness but also as a supplementary tool. Firstly, a dose limit corresponding to the international standard needs to be applied. Since the dose limit imposed by the Korean government is improperly higher than the international dose limit of the cosmic radiation, the present dose limit needs to be re-established in a range of "not exceeding the international recommendation". Secondly, a new methodology is needed such that aviation companies observe a yearly effective dose limit of passengers. A fact that only aviation crew is specified but passengers are excluded in the related regulation is based on a recommendation presented by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). According to the recommendation, Korean government excluded passengers in the "Cosmic Radiation Safety Requirements for Crew". Among the present aviation regulations, there exists a protection standard for protecting aviation traffic users. However, it presents a damage protection only for ticket-related issues. Since this regulatory weakness provides a cause of endangering national health, the authors believe that an improvement in the regulation is needed without sticking to the recommendation from the ICRP. To this end, new regulations are strongly demanded from aspects of not only legal but also regulatory areas. The dose limit in accordance with the international standard is established. However, at least a minute amount of cosmic radiation is continuously acting on all people of Korea. Since more and higher level of cosmic ration may exist in the aviation space, an improved method of representing the minute amount of cosmic radiation in figures. As a result, a desirable regulation may be established for protecting not only crew but also aviation traffic users from being exposed to the cosmic radiation via a legislation of the desirable regulation.

• Korean Journal of Hospice Care
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.58-74
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• 2002

This paper constitutes a descriptive investigation and used a structured questionnaire to investigate nurses' and doctors' recognition of cancer patients. The subjects were extracted from the medical personnel working at the internal medicine, the surgery ward, the obstetrics and gynecology department, the pediatrics department, the cancer ward, and the emergency room of five general hospitals located in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. The research lasted from August, 2001 to September 2001. Total 137 nurses and 65 doctors were included and made out the questionnaires directly distributed by the investigator. The study tool was also developed by the investigator and consisted of such items as the demographic and social characteristics, the medical personnel's recognition degree of cancer and cancer patients, their recognition of the management of cancer patients, and their participation in a hospice. The results were analyzed using the SPSS Window program in terms of technological statistics, ranks, t-test, and ANOVA. The reliability was represented in Cronbach' α=.75. The nurses' and doctors' recognition degree of cancer and cancer patients had an overall average of 3.86 at the 5 point-scale. The items that received an average of 4.0 or more included 'Medical personnel should explain about the cancer cure plans to the cancer patient and his or her family', 'A patient whose case has been diagnosed as a terminal cancer should be notified of it, 'If I were a cancer patient, I would want to get informed of it,' and 'Cancer shall be conquered whenever it is'. In the meantime, the items that received an average of 3.0 or less was 'My relationship with the cancer patient's family has gotten worse since I announced his or her impending death.' And according to the general characteristics and the difference test, the recognition degree of cancer and cancer patient was high among the subgroups of nurses, females, married persons, who were in their 30s, who had a family member that was a cancer patient, and who received a hospice education. The biggest number of the nurses and doctors saw 'a gradual approach over several days'(68.8%) as a method to tell a cancer patient about his or her cancer diagnosis or impending death. Those who usually tell tragic news were the physician in charge(62.8%), the family members or relatives(32.1%) and the clergymen(3.8%) in the order. The greatest number of them recommended a cancer patient's home as the place where he or she should face death because they thought 'it would stabilize his or her mentality'(91.9%) while a number of them recommended the hospital because they 'should give the psychological satisfaction to the patient'(40%) or 'should try their best until the last moment of the patient's death'(30%). A majority of the medical personnel regarded 'smoking or drinking' and 'diet' as the causes of cancer. The biggest symptom of a cancer patient was 'pain' and the pain management of a cancer patient was mostly impeded by the 'excessive fear of drug addiction, tolerance to drugs and side effects of drugs' by medical personnel, the patient, and his or her family. The most frequently adopted treatment plan of a terminal cancer patient was 'to do whatever the patient or his or her family wants' to resort to a hospice' and 'to continue active treatment efforts' in the order. The biggest reasons why a terminal cancer patient went to see a doctor were 'pain alleviation' 'control of symptoms other than pain(intravenous supply)' and 'incapability of the patient's family' in the order. Terminal cancer patients placed their major concern in 'spiritual(religious) matter' 'emotional matters' their family' 'existence' and 'physical matters' in the order. 113(58.5%) of the whole medical personnel answered they 'would recommend' an alternative treatment to a terminal cancer patient mostly because they assumed it would 'stabilize the patient's mentality.' Meanwhile, 80(41.5%) of them chose 'not to recommend it mostly due to the unverified effects and high cost of it(78.7%). A majority of them, I. e. 190(94.1%) subjects said they 'would recommend' a hospice to a terminal cancer patient mostly because they thought it would help the patient to 'mentally prepare'(66.6%) Only 17.3% of them, however, had received a hospice education, most of which was done through the hospital duty education(41.4%) and volunteer training(34.5%). The follows are results of this study: 1. The nurses and the doctors turned out to be still passive and experience confusion in dealing with a cancer patient despite their great sense of responsibility for him or her. 2.Nurses and Doctors realize the need of a hospice, but an extremely small number of them participate in a hospice education or performance. Thus, a whole recognition of a hospice should be changed, for which purpose a hospice education for nurses and doctors should be provided. 3.Terminal cancer patients preferred their home to a hospital as the place to face their impending death because they felt it would bring 'mental stability.' And most of nurses and doctors think it would be unnecessary for them to be hospitalized just for control of their symptoms. Accordingly a terminal cancer patient can be cared at home, and a home hospice care needs to be activated.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.131-149
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• 2015

Recently many organizations have engaged in widespread restructuring as well as more flexible usage of labor in an attempt to cut costs and to increase profit. As a result of lays offs resulting from frequent restructuring, many people no longer consider their jobs as permanent positions. many employees have an increased feeling of job insecurity. There structuring and following downsizing have created an uncertain environment within creased fear offer ther job losses. therefore the study of job insecurity is significant. especially To understand the relationship between job security and union-relation behaviors on the industrial relations. The purpose of this study suggested the strategies to company and union. The purpose of this study is to examine how the union-relation behaviors are influenced by the job security. This study built a exploratory model that there is causal relationship of job security to union commitment, dual commitment, and labor related behaviors. For the verification of this study model, the regression analysis was applied to the surveys of 236 members of union that are located in Busan, Gyeongnam, Ulsan, and Pohang. The result of this research shows that the job insecurity is strongly related to the union commitment and union related behaviors. According to the research, the effect that the job security affects union commitment and union related behaviors are positive. With the research outputs, we have discussed about the academic and pragmatic viewpoint. We proposed comprehensive model to verify how the job insecurity affects the union-related behaviors, and objectively analyzed the model. The research result was opposite to what the existing theories have said that high job insecurity derives high union-related behaviors. This result is meaningful because it is concerned with the social issues-present situation of Korean company, low-employment, unstable employment and so on. Moreover, this research may contribute to expand the aspect of academic research on job insecurity as there are few research conducted in korea. This research also suggests the realistic alternative of union-related behaviors because it is proved that job security can contribute to innovation activities. Also, this research implies that the matter of job insecurity is the basic need of organizational individual and presents that job security is not a notion but the alternative by using of the positional stability and situational control power. The limitation of this research is that it is only utilized the cross-sectional study. To remedy the cross-sectional study, vertical, and serial method of research is needed. And there is no enough sample to secure more comprehensive data as the targets of the research is limited to Busan and Gyeongnam regions. Finally, the measurement tool for job security is needed to be suitably modified to by the South Korea's economic, linguistic, and cultural situation.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.187-207
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• 2018

This study examines the negative relationship between accounting conservatism and excess executive compensation and examines whether their relationship increases as managerial incentive compensation intensity increases. For this purpose, a total of 2,755 company-years were selected for the analysis of the companies listed on the Korea Stock Exchange from December 2012 to 2016 as the final sample. The results of this study are as follows. First, there is a statistically significant negative relationship between accounting conservatism and manager overpayment. This implies that managers' incentives to distort future cash flow estimates by over booking assets or accounting profits in order to maximize their compensation when manager compensation is linked to firm performance. In this sense, accounting conservatism can reduce opportunistic behavior by restricting managerial accounting choices, which can be interpreted as a reduction in overpayment to managers. Second, we found that the relationship between accounting conservatism and excess executive compensation increases with the incentive compensation for accounting performance. The higher the managerial incentive compensation intensity of accounting performance is, the more likely it is that the manager has the incentive to make earnings adjustments. Therefore, the high level of incentive compensation for accounting performance means that the ex post settling up problem due to over-compensation can become serious. In this case, the higher the managerial incentive compensation intensity for accounting performance, the greater the role and utility of conservatism in manager compensation contracts. This study is based on the fact that it presents empirical evidence on the usefulness of accounting conservatism in managerial compensation contracts theoretically presented by Watts (2003) and the additional basis that conservatism can be used as a useful tool for investment decision.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.79-87
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• 2009

Pot experiments using sand culture were conducted in 2004 under greenhouse conditions to evaluate the effect of nitrogen deficiency on red pepper biomass. Nitrogen stress was imposed by implementing 6 levels (40% to 140%) of N in Hoagland's nutrient solution for red pepper. Canopy reflectance measurements were made with hand held spectral sensors including $GreenSeeker^{TM}$, $Crop\;Circle^{TM}$, and $Field\;Scout^{TM}$ Chlorophyll meter, and a spectroradiometer as well as Minolta SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter. Canopy reflectance and dry weight of red pepper were measured at five growth stages, the 30th, 40th, 50th, 80th and 120th day after planting(DAT). Dry weight of red pepper affected by nitrogen stress showed large differences between maximum and minimum values at the 120th DAT ranged from 48.2 to $196.6g\;plant^{-1}$, respectively. Several reflectance indices obtained from $GreenSeeker^{TM}$, $Crop\;Circle^{TM}$ and Spectroradiometer including chlorophyll readings were compared for evaluation of red pepper biomass. The reflectance indices such as rNDVI, aNDVI and gNDVI by the $Crop\;Circle^{TM}$ sensor showed the highest correlation coefficient with dry weight of red pepper at the 40th, 50th, and 80th DAT, respectively. Also these reflectance indices at the same growth station was closely correlated with dry weight, yield, and nitrogen uptake of red pepper at the 120th DAT, especially showing the best correlation coefficient at the 80th DAT. From these result, the aNDVI at the 80th DAT can significantly explain for dry weight of red pepper at the 120th DAT as well as for application level of nitrogen fertilizer. Consequently ground remote sensing as a non-destructive real-time assessment of plant nitrogen status was thought to be a useful tool for in season nitrogen management for red pepper providing both spatial and temporal information.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.26-39
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• 2016

This research paper explores the process of developing skateboarding spaces in urban parks. Skateboarding is one of the most popular sport activities representative of urban parks. This research paper will analyze the process of introducing skateboarding activities into park spaces and their acceptance by the general public as well as derive meaningful general implications for park space development planning. The research method is a discourse analysis of newspaper articles regarding skateboarding issued between the 1960s and 2010s. These articles are the main resources to show the creation of a skateboarding culture, generation of skate park spaces, and the extinction of these spaces during the research period. The result of this research is as follows. There are reasons that allowed for the creation of skate park spaces in urban parks. First of all, positive associations that people have regarding skateboarding have influenced the park's users and operators' decisions that a park is proper space for skateboarding activities, and the agreement to remodel the park space. Secondly, skate parks became a space for multiple-uses that can be shared with other emerging sports, which resulted in a building boom of skateboarding spaces in urban parks. Thirdly, urban parks and their new culture of active sports became a marketing tool used by local governments to attract new inhabitants to their new towns. On the contrary, there are three main reasons for the deterioration of skate parks. First of all, within parks in which skateboarding activities collided with other park usage, the skate parks disappeared. Secondly, skate parks built specifically for competitive skateboarding events and without consideration of casual skaters disappeared, as these facilities were not sustainable for use in the long term. Thirdly, the golden age of skate park skateboarding did not last long, as skateboarding trends shifted from trick performance to street skating, where skate parks are no longer needed. For this reasons, the exclusive use of park space for skateboarding activities has faded from public interest. The findings of this research suggest how sport activities should be introduced to urban parks. At first, each park's management needs to identify a sport suitable for long-term development, and not only plan for temporal events or follow fleeting trends. Secondly, the park's management systems should reflect a type of sport activity that would not only be popular at the beginning of the spaces development, but also take into consideration how these activities will change over time. Lastly, in cases where there are conflicts between sport activities and other activities in urban parks, attempts should be made to suggest feasible solutions other than the liquidation of sport spaces. This study explains the development process of sport spaces offered in urban parks, by thorough research of the process of acceptance of skateboarding activities in current urban park systems. This conclusion also indicates further areas for research with the purpose of understanding general best practices in urban parks sport space planning.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.270-276
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• 1994

Background: The measurement of nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity is valuable for diagnosis and management of bronchial asthma. Methacholine or histamine is used for the pharmacologic provocation test. Usually a methacholine bronchial provocation test is performed by a dosing technique with counted number of breaths. A dosimeter is indispensable in the dosing technique. Recently a timed tidal breathing technique which dose not need an expensive dosimeter was introduced. We measured the degree of nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity to histamine using a simple timed tidal breathing technique. Method: Forty two healthy volunteers, 12 patients with bronchial asthma(BA), 10 patients with rhinitis(RH) and 10 patients with upper respiratory infection(URI) participated in the study. The subject's nose was clipped and inhalation continued during tidal breathing for 2 minutes via a face mask. $FEV_1$ was measured at 30 seconds, 90 seconds after inhalation and inhalation of next solution was continued until there was a fall in $FEV_1$ of 20%. Histamine PC20 was defined as the concentration at 20% fall of $FEV_1$ and it was obtained from the log dose-response curve by linear interpolation. Results: Inhalation of serial dilution of histamine could be performed in all patients without significant side effects. The geometric mean${\pm}$standard deviation of histamine PC20 in healthy volunteers is $8.27{\pm}2.22mg/ml$, BA group $0.33{\pm}3.02mg/ml$, RH group $0.85{\pm}3.24mg/ml$, and URI group $1.47{\pm}1.98mg/ml$. Conclusion: Histamine bronchial provocation test using timed tidal breath method is a simple and suitable tool for management of patients with bronchial hyperreactivity.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.193-231
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• 2013

As developed IT, Word-of-Mouth(WOM) used varied terms as buzz marketing and viral marketing, and impressed that importance. Despite introduced new marketing tool on managers and professionals, online word-of-mouth including SNS lack of study on social network what based viral in marketing. In social network, patterns of relationship between individuals influence each other individual behaviors. Therefore this research grouped friendship-network and advice-network by characteristics, studied on trust of information source that antecedents of word-of-mouth in network. This study examined that affect- and cognition based trust affect WOM acceptance as WOM behaviors and examined effect of type of product as moderating variable. Additional this literature studied that WOM acceptance affect WOM recommend. To find the Influence of Trust on Word-of-Mouth Behaviors, a survey has done 206 samples(undergraduate students). The results of this study are as following : First, type of trust different friendship network and advice network. Affect-based trust is outstanding in friendship network than in advice network, while cognition-based trust stands out in advice network than another. Second, affect- and cognition based trust positive affect WOM acceptance. Contrary to expectations, what is preconceived trust in network have a similar effect for WOM acceptance regardless of type of trust. Third, WOM acceptance positive affect WOM recommend. Fourth, affect based trust affect WOM acceptance of hedonic product rather than utilitarian product. Upon especially in friendship network terms, affect-based trust has a more effect on WOM acceptance than cognition-based trust. This study has many implications. First, it is important that trust what have an influence WOM acceptance grouped affect- and cognition based trust. Second, it confirmed that trust is antecedents of positive WOM. Third, it is important that network grouped friendship network and advice-network by trust. Fourth, it gave managerial implications that they have to supply WOM through which network by type of product. We This study classified network and trust based on previous study. Then it examined relations between WOM behaviors. Further research could do enrich various things for example various age group, valence of message, quality of information.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.22-34
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• 2011

In recent years, there has been an active movement toward databasing, systematizing, and unifying environmental information. Such efforts facilitate the utilization of spatial environment planning in environment conservation officially planned at the metropolitan and provincial levels. This in turn clarifies the management direction of space, thereby serving as an effective tool with which to not only conserve land, but also provide a reasonable compromise to all the related solutions at odds with one another. As such, this study forwards a method for inclusion of spatial environment planning in environment conservation plans, paying particular attention to the place, with in such a planning method, of the natural ecosystem, arguably the most sensitive arena among environmental factors. Spatial environment planning can be broadly divided as follows: first, basic direction; second, collection of spatial information; third, compilation of status of spatial environment; and fourth, management strategy for spatial environment. In particular, the second phase, namely the collection of spatial information, delineates clearly spatial information hitherto amassed by government agencies at both the national and local levels; the ensuing lists facilitate maximum utilization of the previously accumulated data. Used during the planning phase, status maps should include not only the status of land use(land cover), but also systematic data on the superior resources of the natural ecosystem as well as the status of the given spatial environment. Establishing plans for ecological networks, their conservation, and restoration areas based on the aforementioned aspects, this study sought to formulate ways in which to spatialize environment conservation plans that encompass consideration for the natural ecosystem. Devised based previous studies and examples, the compilation of status and plans as stated, applied to Gyeonggi Province, afforded an examination of the potential applicability and usability of the proposed plans. Ultimately, these will contribute not only to the establishment of plans encompassing consideration for the value and level of significance of the given natural ecosystem in spatial development planning, but also provide fundamental data for investigating appropriateness of plans and validity of location in any regional development plan.