• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제21권11호
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• pp.987-994
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• 2008

The optimal structure of the Tonpilz transducer was designed. First, the FE model of the transducer was constructed, that included all the details of the transducer which used practical environment. The validity of the FE model was verified through the impedance analysis of the transducer. Second, the resonance frequency, the sound pressure, the bandwidth, and the impulsive shock pressure of the transducer in relation to its structural variables were analyzed. Third, the design method of $2^n$ experiments was employed to reduce the number of analysis cases, and through statistical multiple regression analysis of the results, the functional forms of the transducer performances that could consider the cross-coupled effects of the structural variables were derived. Based on the all results, the optimal geometry of the Tonpilz transducer that had the highest sound pressure level at the desired working environment was determined through the optimization with the SQP-PD method of a target function composed of the transducer performance. Furthermore, for the convenience of a user, the automatic process program making the optimal structure of the acoustic transducer automatically at a given target and a desired working environment was made. The developed method can reflect all the cross-coupled effects of multiple structural variables, and can be extended to the design of general acoustic transducers.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2002년도 추계학술대회논문집
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• pp.705-710
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• 2002

Magnetostrictive materials are used low frequency sonar transmitter instead of piezoelectric materials. But it is difficult to analyze due to the nonlinearity and hysteresis of magnetostrictive materials. This paper deals with the program development for the finite element modeling of magnetostrictive tonpilz transducers and for analyzing their acoustic characteristics. To take into account the nonlinearity of magnetostrictive materials, the magnetic field calculation is separated form the displacement calculation, and a curve fitting is adopted for the nonlinear behavior of the magnetic and mechanical strain fields. At first, the magnetic field is obtained by using a commercial FEM software and the displacement of the transducer is calculated by plugging the obtained magnetic field into forcing term. To verity the accuracy of the developed program, a comparison is made with a commercial code, ATILA.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.569-579
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• 2012

압전 세라믹을 이용한 전형적인 Tonpilz형 수중 음향센서는 외부에서 들어오는 음향 신호를 이에 상응하는 전압으로 변환해 스칼라 양인 음압의 크기만 측정할 뿐 외부에서 들어오는 신호의 방향은 파악할 수 없는 한계가 있다. 이와 같은 문제점을 해결하고자 본 논문에서는 Tonpilz형 트랜스듀서를 이용해 단일 센서만으로도 음압의 크기와 방위각 방향을 동시에 분석해 낼 수 있는 새로운 벡터 센서 구조를 제안하고, 제안된 구조의 타당성을 수식 및 유한요소해석을 통해 검증하였다.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.637-644
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 대표적인 수중 음향 트랜스듀서인 Tonpilz 트랜스듀서에 대하여 설계변수들이 트랜스듀서 성능에 미치는 영향을 유한요소 해석을 통하여 파악하였다. 나아가 그 결과들의 통계적 다중 회귀분석을 통하여 응력 강화 (Stress stiffening) 효과를 고려한 공진 주파수, 대역폭 및 발생 음압을 이들 설계변수들의 함수로 도출한 후, 제한 최적화법인 SQP-PD 방법을 이용해 공진 주파수 30,000 Hz 와 -3dB 대역폭 10% 이상을 가지며 최대 음압을 구현할 수 있는 트랜스듀서의 최적구조를 결정하였다. 또한 SQP-PD 방법에 의한 최적값을 유한요소 해석에 의한 값과 비교함으로써 최적값의 타당성을 검증하였고, 본 연구에서 제시한 설계법이 계산시간의 단축과 높은 정확성을 가짐을 확인하였다.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.140-144
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• 2015

Tonpilz 트랜스듀서에서 head mass에 영향을 미치는 요소로써 그 형상과 무게 및 소재의 영향을 연구하였다. 형상 요소로는 head mass의 옆면이 대칭 축과 이루는 각도를 그 인자로 하여 0도, 35.5도, 60도로 변화시키면서 대역폭과 출력의 변화를 모사하였다. 그 결과 Al의 경우에는 35.5도에서 대역폭이 최대 값이 되었으며 그 때의 대역폭은 86.4 %로 계산되었다. Head mass의 중량은 대역폭에는 큰 영향이 없이 출력에만 영향을 미치는데 중량이 25 % 감소하였을 때 20 % 정도 출력이 증가하였다. 끝으로 head mass의 소재를 Ti로 변경하였을 때에는 밀도의 차이에 의한 무게의 증가에도 불구하고 출력이 100 % 향상되었는데 이는 Ti의 탄성률 같은 기계적 특성의 영향으로 판단되며 최대의 대역폭을 얻기 위한 형상은 45도에서 얻어졌고 대역폭은 88.1 %이었다.

• 한국음향학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국음향학회 2004년도 추계학술발표대회논문집 제23권 2호
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• pp.359-362
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• 2004

수중에서 사용되는 음향변환기의 성능은 사용환경 뿐만 아니라 많은 설계변수들의 조합에 의해 결정되며, 이들 설계변수들의 영향은 서로 선형 독립적이지 않은 경우가 대부분이다. 따라서 음향변환기의 최적성능을 구현하기 위해서는 각 설계변수들의 개별영향 뿐만 아니라 강호작용에 의한 영향을 동시에 고려하여야 한다. 본 연구에서는 tonpilz 변환기에 대하여 유한 요소 해석을 통하여 설계변수들이 중심 주파수, 대역폭, 음압 및 충격력에 미치는 영향을 파악하였고, 그 결과들의 통계적 다중 회귀분석을 통하여 중심 주파수 대역폭 음압 및 충격력을 이들 설계변수들의 함수로 도출하였다. 나아가 제한 최적화 기법을 이용하여 주어진 사용 환경에서 동작하면서 최대 음압을 구현할 수 있는 변환기의 최적 구조를 자동으로 결정할 수 있는 프로그램을 개발하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 최적화 프로그램은 다중 설계변수들의 상호효과를 충분히 반영할 수 있으며, 유사한 기능의 여타 음향변환기 설계에 직접 응용이 가능할 것이다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.532-538
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• 2016

In this paper, a underwater acoustic Tonpilz transducer with the piezoelectric single crystal(72PMN-28PT) is developed. The thickness and the number of piezoelectric elements are theoretically designed with the equivalent circuit analysis to have the desired resonance frequency. In order to compare the performances, a piezoelectric ceramic transducer is also manufactured and their electrical impedance, TVR (transmitting voltage response), RVS (receiving voltage response) and beam pattern are compared.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2000

A low frequency, high power hydroacoustic transducer with 7 tonpilz piston elements assembled in a circular array suitable for marine application, such as the transmission of underwater information and the development of new fisheries resources in the deep sea zone was designed. A modified Mason's model was applied to monitor and to simulate the transducer behavior at each step during the fabrication. The in air, and in water constructed tonpilz transducer was tested experimentally and numerically by changing the size and the type of the material for head, tail and acoustic window. Also, the developed transducer was excited by pulse signals and the received waveform was analyzed. The resonance peaks in the transmitting voltage response(TVR) of a single tonpilz element without housing were observed at 11.33kHz in air and 10.93kHz in air and 10.93 kHz in water, respectively, with the overall electrical-acoustic efficiency of 43.7%. The value of TVR of single tonpilz element with aluminum housing in water was 129.87dB re 1 $\mu$Pa/V at 12.25 kHz with the frequency bandwith of 2.15 kHz and half beam angle of 30.2$^{\circ}$at -3dB.The resonance peaks in the transmitting voltage response of the 7 element circular transducer were observed at 11.50 kHz in air and 11.45 kHz in water, respectively. The value of TVR in water 144.84 dB re 1$\mu$Pa/V at 11.5kHz with the frequency bandwith of 4.25 kHz and the half beam angle of $22.3^{\circ} $ at -3dB.Reasonable agreement between the experimental measurements and the theoretical predictions for the directivity patterns, TVRs and the impedance characteristics of the designed transducer was achieved.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.173-183
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• 2010

In a split beam echo sounder, the transducer design needs to have minimal side lobes because the angular position and level of the side lobes establishes the usable signal level and phase angle limits for determining target strength. In order to suppress effectively the generation of unwanted side lobes in the directivity pattern of split beam transducer, the spacing and size of the transducer elements need to be controlled less than half of a wavelength. With this purpose, a 50 kHz tonpilz type transducer with a half-wavelength diameter in relation to the development of a split beam transducer was designed using the equivalent circuit model, and the underwater performance characteristics were measured and analyzed. From the in-air and in-water impedance responses, the measured value of the electro-acoustic conversion efficiency for the designed transducer was 51.6%. A maximum transmitting voltage response (TVR) value of 172.25dB re $1{\mu}Pa/V$ at 1m was achieved at 52.92kHz with a specially designed matching network and the quality factor was 10.3 with the transmitting bandwidth of 5.14kHz. A maximum receiving sensitivity (SRT) of -183.57dB re $1V/{\mu}Pa$ was measured at 51.45kHz and the receiving bandwidth at -3dB was 1.71kHz. These results suggest that the designed tonpilz type transducer can be effectively used in the development of a split beam transducer for a 50kHz fish sizing echo sounder.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.424-431
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• 2008

Recently, it is required that acoustic transducers for underwater detection and communication sensor have wide bandwidth and low operating frequency. In this research, the new acoustic transducer is proposed. This transducer is tonpilz type, and made of 1-3 piezoelectric composites as a driving parts. The developed transducer is evaluated the TVR(transmission voltage response) and RVS(receiving voltage sensitivity) characteristics around $4{\sim}14\;kHz$ frequency range and is compared to conventional tonpilz transducer made of solid piezoelectric ceramics as a driving parts. The resonance frequency of the developed transducer is decreased by 30% and the -3 dB bandwidth is increased by 90%, compared to conventional transducer with same dimensions. The value of TVR is decreased by 9 dB and The value of RVS is the same at resonance frequency.