• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.129-135
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• 2012

A number of surface mount technology (SMT) process variables including land design are considered for minimizing tombstone defect in flexible printed circuit assembly in high volume manufacturing. As SMT chip components have been reduced over the past years with their weights in milligrams, the torque that once helped self-centering of chips, gears to tombstone defects. In this paper, we have investigated the correlation of the assembly process variables with respect to the tombstone defect by employing statistically designed experiment. After the statistical analysis is performed, we have setup hypotheses for the root causes of tombstone defect and derived main effects and interactions of the process parameters affecting the hypothesis. Based on the designed experiments, statistical analysis was performed to investigate significant process variable for the purpose of process control in flexible printed circuit manufacturing area. Finally, we provide beneficial suggestions for find-pitch PCB design, screen printing process, chip-mounting process, and reflow process to minimize the tombstone defects.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.100-113
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• 2012

The tombstone of Yi Chungmugong in the Joseon Dynasty located Namhae, Gyeongnam is consisted of sandstone. The Bisin and Bijwa of the tombstone have narrow range of magnetic value less than $0.2({\times}10^{-3}SI\;unit)$ and the Isu covered pigment on surface also has same magnetic susceptibility range. Therefore, the composition of all tombstone have similar lithological characteristics. The side of the tombstone appeared fine-grained sandstone to coarse-grained graywacke boundary clearly and back of tombstone observed lamination. Especially deterioration type is concentrated in front and back of the tombstone blistering (8.2% of back), scaling (10.2% of back), granular disintegration (28.1% of back) and discoloration (53.5% of front). Results of contaminants analysis, the front of the Bisin separated in 3 type of surface - granular disintegration-scaling. Among this area, surface detected Ca, S and Cl in high density, but these contaminants elements have more lower detect density from surface to granular disintegration. By contrast, on scaling area, these components are almost not detected, but Fe, K consisted of rock forming elements are detected. It is necessary to conservation and treatment of Yi Chungmugong tombstone in continuously, and salt cleaning on surface also needed. So through activity of conservation and restoration, epigraph preserved for their worth.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Language and Information Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.450-458
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• 2007

Tombstone inscriptions represent a linguistic genre which yields insights in culture and language. Creating corpora from tombstones is thus a complementary approach for the study of languages and cultures. For the annotation of tombstone corpora, we propose TSML, the Tombstone-Markup-Language, developed during the massive annotation of Taiwanese tombstones and a number of tombstones from China, Indonesia and Europe. We discuss our conceptual framework in the annotation of tombstones and derive successively and present preliminary research data to show how the usefulness of the annotations. Finally, we will encourage researchers to participate in the specification of TSML to obtain soon an annotation language for annotations across cultures and languages.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.75-83
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• 2018

Ami-dong, known as Tombstone Village, was generated by refugees after Korean war on the site of Japanese public cemetery which had been originally constructed during Japanese occupation. Since then, the village has been expanded as low-income class neighborhood during Modernization and Industrialization Period from 1960s to 1980s. This study try to find the impact of the Japanese cemetery on the spatial structure of the village by analyzing and comparing the street structure and spatial layout of the Japanese cemetery and current Tombstone Village. The final objective of this study is to confirm the continuity of built environment, historical value and place identity of of the village.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.20-49
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• 2009

This paper explores the Korean royal tombs steles such as monumental steles and tombstone marks (神道碑, 表石) that are broadly fallen into the following three periods ; the 15~16th centuries, 17th~18th centuries, and 19th century. As a result, the royal tombs steles were built, unlike the private custom, on the heirs to the King's intentions. During the 15~17th centuries the construction and reconstruction of the monumental steles took place. In the late Joseon period, monumental steles had been replaced with a number of tombstone marks were built to appeal to the king's calligraphy carved on stone for the first time. During the Great Empire Han(大韓帝國) when the Joseon state was upgraded the empire, Emperors Gojong and Sunjong devoted to honor ancestors by rebuilding royal tombstone mark. Based on these periodical trends, it would not be exaggerated that the history of establishing the royal tombs steles formed in late Joseon. The type of royal tombs monuments originated from those of the Three Kingdoms era, a shapeless form, the new stele type of the Tang Dynasty (唐碑) has influenced on the building of monuments of the Unified Silla and Buddhist honorable monuments (塔碑) of the Goryeo Dynasty. From the 15th century, successive kings have wished to express the predecessors's achievements, nevertheless, the officials opposed it because the affairs of the King legacy (國史) were all recorded, so there is no need to establish the tombs steles. Although its lack of quantity, each Heonneung and Jereung monumental steles rebuilt in 1695 and 1744 respectively, is valuable to show the royal sculpture of the late Joseon period. Since the 15th century, the construction of the royal tombs monumental steles has been interrupted, the tombstone marks (boulders) with simpler format began to be erected within the tomb precincts. The Yeoneung tombstone mark(寧陵表石), built in 1682, shows the first magnificent scale and delicate sculpture technique. Many tombstone marks were erected since the 1740s on a large scale, largely caused by King Yeongjo's announce to the honorific business for the predecessors. Thanks to King Yeongjo's such appealing effort, over 20 pieces of tombstone marks were established during his reign. The fact that his handwritten calligraphic works first carved on tombstones was a remarkable phenomenon had never been appeared before. Since the 18th century, a double-slab high above the roof(加?石) and rectangular basement of the stele have been accepted as a typical format of the tombstone marks. In front of the stele, generally seal script calligraphic works after a Tang dynasty calligrapher Li Yangbing(李陽氷)'s brushwork were engraved. In 1897 when King Gojong declared the Empire, these tombstone marks were once again produced in large amounts. Because he tried to find the legitimacy of the Empire in the history of the Joseon dynasty and its four founding fathers in creating the monuments both of the front and back sides by carving his in-person-calligraphy as a ruler representing his symbolic authority. The tombstone marks made during this period, show an abstract sculpture features with the awkward techniques, and long and slim strokes. As mentioned above, the construction of monumental steles and tombstone marks is a historical and remarkable phenonenon to reveal the royal funeral custom, sculpture techniques, and successive kings' efforts to honor the royal predecessors.

• Journal of Korean Historical Folklife
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• no.44
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• pp.7-37
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• 2014

The people of Silla was described as the descendants of Hwagwan(official of fire) on the tombstone of King Munmu(文武王), and Gim Yusin(金庾信) was described as the descendants of Shaohao Jintian(少昊 金天) and Huangdi Xuanyuan(黃帝 軒轅) on his tombstone. It says that the royal households of Silla and Gaya had common ancestor. Hwagwan was the official who took charge of fire management and the ritual for Antares(${\alpha}$ Sco) in ancient China. Hed founded State Ra(羅國). The name of Silla(新羅) means new State Ra, so he could become the ancestor of the people of Silla. He was the son of Zuanxu Gaoyang. State Gaya(加耶), the fatherland of Gim Yusin had been called Geumgwan-gug(金官國) which means the state of official of metal. Geumgwan was the son of Shaohao Jintian. Silla was the state of Hwagwan and the Gaya was the state of Geumgwan. Hwagwan, the founder of the royal household of Silla was the son of Zuanxu and Geumgwan, the founder of the royal household of Gaya was the son of Shaohao. Zuanxu and Shaohao was the descendants of Hwangdi, so Hwangdi was the common ancestor of Silla and Gaya. Finally Hwangdi became the same ancestor of Gim Yusin and King Muyeol(武烈王) who was the father of King Munmu. The tombstone of King Munmu and Gim Yusin manifests the union of the blood of Gim Yusin and King Muyeol. But it was not the fact but the rhetorical fiction.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.363-371
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• 2009

This study is purposed to investigate that current rubbing technique could be replaced by the photographic rubbing techniques with the photographic lighting and digital techniques. The lighting technique is based on the "texture description theory" using the electric flash and the intaglio epitaph was emphasized from the observation of the both side because it is purposed to decipher epitaph. The photographs were retouched using the photoshop to emphasize epitaph and the spots from the lichen on the tombstone were softened. Especially, it shows that faint epitaph could be deciphered if the digital techniques could be used practically even though some part of the epitaph was destroyed or peeled. Furthermore, it will help to investigate, protect and restore the cultural properties because it surely makes the recording of the material, weathering, peeling of the tombstone much easier than the current rubbing technique.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.982-987
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• 2015

The inspection machine in SMT (Surface Mount Technology) line detects the assembly defects such as missing, misalignment, loosing, or tombstone. We propose a new method to classify the defect types of chip components by processing the image of PCB. Two original images are obtained from horizontal lighting and vertical lighting. The image of the component is divided into two soldering regions and one packaging region. The features are extracted by appling the PCA (Principle Component Analysis) to each region. The MLP (Multilayer Perceptron) and SVM (Support Vector Machine) are then used to classify the defect types by learning. The experimental results are presented to show the usefulness of the proposed method.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.34
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• pp.225-255
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• 2009

Few data on the epigraph from the Bal-Hae Dynasty have been reported so far. The present paper, based on an examination of the style of the epitaphic tombstones of Princess Jeong-Hye and Princess Jeong-Hyo, investigates the historical formation and characteristics of Balhae's epitaphic style and its influences on the posterior periods. The epitaphs from the Bal-Hae Dynasty have the following epigraphic characteristics and historical significances. First, Bal-Hae's epitaphs are similar to those from the Goguryeo Dynasty in the sense that they are angular in their form. Tombstones with angular head first appeared during the East Han period. During the Wi-Jin period, however, as tombstones were not allowed to be erected in front of the tomb, small-sized epitaphic tombstones were set up inside tombs. Typical tombstones from the Dang Dynasty had stone pole and square cover. Unlike those from the Dang and the Tong-Il Silla Dynasties, however, the epitaphs from Bal-Hae had angular head in their tombstone body. The Bal-Hae's angular headed tombstones are very likely to testify that Goguryeo's epitaphs, which features an influence from the Wi-Jin Nambuk-Jo period, in turn exerted an effect on those from the Bal-Hae Dynasty. Second, Bal-Hae's epitaphic tombstones are characterized by their hexagonal head,which were modified from the then typical pentagonal head by cutting out the sharp point. The hexagonal head, which has not been found in its neighboring countries during the same historical period, is peculiar to the epitaphic tombstones from the Bal-Hae Dynasty. Third, the edge lines and ornamental figures first appeared in Bal-Hae's epitaphic tombstones, as seen in those of Princess Jeong-Hye. In the fa?ade of the epitaphic tombstone, a carved line demarcates its rectangular body and trapezoidal head. Four faces of the body stonehave two parallel lines in their edges within which vignette was inscribed, and the trapezoidal head part was ornamented with flower figures. Fourth, Bal-Hae's epitaphic tombstone had an extensive influence on the posterior countries in its neighborhood. The epitaphic tombstones in the Bal-Hae style are very often found in those of the Goryeo Dynasty and the Yo Dynasty which were greatly influenced from Bal-Hae. The vestiges of Bal-Hae's epitaphic style are also found in those from the Song, the Geum, and the Won Dynasties.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.424-431
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• 2010

Yungneung is the royal tomb of King Jangjo (the Crown Prince Sado, 1735~1762) and his wife, Hyegyeonggung-the Lady Hong (1735~1815). King Jangjo was the second son of the 21st King Yeongjo of the Joseon Dynasty. The tomb of King Jangjo was originally established at Yangju near Seoul in 1762 and moved to Whaseong near Suwon in 1789. We examined tree-ring (dendrochronological) dates of Jeongjagak, the ceremonial hall and Bigak, the tombstone house of Yungneung. We obtained tree-ring dates of 54 wood elements. The dates of bark rings were A.D. 1785, 1786, and 1787 with completed latewoods. These tree-ring dates were well matched with the historically recorded date of two buildings, A.D. 1789 when two or three year-storage after cutting logs was considered. The results indicated that the present buildings of Yungneung was built when the royal tomb of King Jangjo was moved from Yangju to Suwon. A historical record about the construction of Yungneung, 'Hyeonyungwon-eugye' confirmed the majority of woods was moved from 'Manrichang', an official storage office in Seoul through Han river and Yellow Sea to Suwon.