• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.277-291
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• 2012

Aquaculture is challenged by a number of constraints with future efforts towards sustainable production. Global climate change has a potential damage to the sustainability by changing environmental surroundings unfavorably. The damaging parameters identified are water temperature, sea level, surface physical energy, precipitation, solar radiation, ocean acidification, and so on. Of them, temperature, mostly temperature elevation, occupies significant concern among marine ecologists and aquaculturists. Ocean acidification particularly draws shellfish aquaculturists' attention as it alters the marine chemistry, shifting the equilibrium towards more dissolved CO2 and hydrogen ions ($H^+$) and thus influencing signaling pathways on shell formation, immune system, and other biological processes. Temperature elevation by climate change is of double-sidedness: it can be an opportunistic parameter besides being a generally known damaging parameter in aquaculture. It can provide better environments for faster and longer growth for aquaculture species. It is also somehow advantageous for alleviation of aquaculture expansion pressure in a given location by opening a gate for new species and aquaculture zone expansion northward in the northern hemisphere, otherwise unavailable due to temperature limit. But in the science of climate change, the ways of influence on aquaculture are complex and ambiguous, and hence are still hard to identify and quantify. At the same time considerable parts of our knowledge on climate change effects on aquaculture are from the estimates from data of fisheries and agriculture. The consequences may be different from what they really are, particularly in the temperature region. In reality, bivalves and tunicates hung or caged in the longline system are often exposed to temperatures higher than those they encounter in nature, locally driving the farmed shellfish into an upper tolerable temperature extreme. We review recent climate change and following environment changes which can be factors or potential factors affecting shellfish aquaculture production in the temperate region.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.171-184
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• 2013

Single-and repeated-dose toxicities of Compound K (CK) were evaluated according to Toxicity Test Guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration using Sprague-Dawley rats. For single-dose toxicity study, CK was dissolved in drinking water, orally administered and examined for 14 days. As results, CK up to a dose of 5,000 mg/kg, the limited dose, neither induced death, clinical signs and necropsy findings, nor affected body weight gain and organ weights, in which 10% lethal dose could not be estimated. Based on the results of single-dose toxicity test, CK was administered at doses of 500, 1,000 or 2,000 mg/kg for 28 days for the evaluation of repeated-dose toxicity. All doses including the limited dose (2,000 mg/kg) of CK did not cause any abnormalities of rats, including mortality, clinical signs, body weight gain, feed/water consumption, necropsy findings, organ weights, hematology, blood biochemistry. Rather, high doses (1,000 - 2,000 mg/kg) of CK reduced the serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and triglycerides, in addition to an increase in glucose, indicative of protective effects on hepatic and muscular injuries. Thus, both maximum tolerable dose (MTD) and no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) were not determined. The results indicate that long-term intake of high-dose CK might not induce general adverse effects.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.349-357
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• 2017

Many Web sites adopt SMS(Short Message Service)-based user authentication when a user loses her password or approves an online payment. In SMS-based authentication, the authentication server sends a text in plaintext to a user's phone, and it allows an attacker who eavesdrops or intercepts the text to impersonate a valid user(victim). We propose a challenge-response scheme to prove to the authentication server that a user is in a certain place at the moment with her smartphone beside her. The proposed scheme generates a response using a challenge by the server, user's current location, and a secret on the user's smartphone all together. Consequently, the scheme is much more secure than SMS-based authentication that simply asks a user to send the same text arrived on her phone back to the server. In addition to entering the response, which substitutes the SMS text, the scheme also requests a user to input a passphrase to get the authentication process started. We believe, however, the additional typing should be tolerable to most users considering the enhanced security level of the scheme.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.473-484
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the relations among appropriateness of work, competency on student suicide and attitude toward suicide in health teachers. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional descriptive one. The subjects were 193 health teachers. Self-administered questionnaires were used to measure the variables of this study. Descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and stepwise multiple regression with SAS 9.3 software were used for the data analysis. Results: The attitude score toward suicide ranged from 1.47 to -1.03. The average score of appropriateness of work and competency related to student suicide were 2.34 and 2.81 respectively. Associated factors with competency related to student suicide among health teacher were appropriateness of work related to student suicide, two items of attitude toward suicide(suicide is an acceptable means to end an incurable illness and people who commit suicide are usually mentally ill), education level, education experience on suicide prevention and management, and the adjusted $R^2$ of the regression model was 34.3%. Conclusion: Health teachers were not tolerable to student suicide. However, they evaluated themselves as low in the appropriateness and competency to the work on student suicide, especially in screening and counselling of high risk groups. The results of this study suggest that it is necessary to develop education programs about counseling and intervention on student suicide for health teachers.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.24 no.3 s.35
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• pp.328-338
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• 1991

To find out the state of illness, patterns of medical care utilization, and factors which determine medical care utilization for aged we surveyed 679 rural old persons who live in the Chungnam province from Jan. 10 1991 to Jan. 19. The major findings of this study were as follows : 1. The morbidity rate of chronic illness during last 3 months was 56.4% for all surveyed old persons ; 58.7% for female and 52.8% for male. 2. As expected, 80 years old or above group showed the highest morbidity rate, 60.2% and the 65-69 years age group was the lowest, 50.5%. 3. Old persons who are householder, whose family income is less than 290,000 won per month, and who receive benifits from the public medical assistance program had relative higher morbidity rate than other groups and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). 4. The most frequent chronic illness was musculoskeletal disease, 49.6% ; the disease from which the aged had suffered for the longest period was gastrointestinal, 11.6yrs : the cerebrovascular was the disease which inflicts the lowest level of physical ability. 5. 67.1% of 383 persons who were suffering from chronic illness were in need of medical care but unmet ; among the remaining 32.9% who utilized medical care, 19.2% utilized it in local clinics or hospital OPD and 15% in th health centers or subcenters. 6. Old person who are married, whose sons are householder and whose family income is 500,000 won or above per month showed relative higher utilization rate than other groups and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). 7. The most common reason why the aged did not utilize, in spite of, need medical care was economic problem, 35.4%. For the aged whose family income per month is 500,000 won or above, however the most common reason was tolerable symptom, 46.9% while persons who answered economic problem were 6.1% of them, the lowest frequency.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.3827-3833
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• 2015

Background: Positive para-aortic lymph node (PALN) at diagnosis in cervical cancer patients confers an unfavorable prognosis. This study reviewed the outcomes of extended field radiotherapy (EFRT) and concurrent chemotherapy with extended field RT (CCEFRT) in patients with positive PALN at diagnosis. Materials and Methods: Medical records of 407 cervical cancer patients between 1st January 2002 to 31st December 2012 were reviewed. Some 32 cases with positive PALN were identified to have received definitive extended field radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy. Treatment outcomes, clinicopathological factors affecting survival and radiotherapy related acute and late effects were analyzed. Results: Totals of 13 and 19 patients underwent EFRT and CCEFRT respectively during the period of review. The median follow-up was 70 months. The 5-year overall survival (OS) was 40% for patients who underwent CCEFRT as compared to 18% for patients who had EFRT alone, with median survival sof 29 months and 13 months, respectively. The 5-years progression free survival (PFS) for patients who underwent CCEFRT was 32% and 18% for those who had EFRT. Median PFS were 18 months and 12 months, respectively. Overall treatment time (OTT) less than 8 weeks reduced risk of death by 81% (HR=0.19). Acute side effects were documented in 69.7% and 89.5% of patients who underwent EFRT and CCEFRT, respectively. Four patients (12.5%) developed radiotherapy late toxicity and there was no treatment-related death observed. Conclusions: CCEFRT is associated with higher 5-years OS and median OS compared to EFRT and with tolerable level of acute and late toxicities in selected patients with cervical cancer and PALN metastasis.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.21-40
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• 2018

In this paper, we propose the distributed robust beamforming design scheme in cognitive two-way amplify-and-forward (AF) relay networks with imperfect channel state information (CSI). Assuming the CSI errors follow a complex Gaussian distribution, the objective of this paper is to design the robust beamformer which minimizes the total transmit power of the collaborative relays. This design will guarantee the outage probability of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) beyond a target level at each secondary user (SU), and satisfies the outage probability of interference generated on the primary user (PU) above the predetermined maximum tolerable interference power. Due to the multiple CSI uncertainties in the two-way transmission, the probabilistic constrained optimization problem is intractable and difficult to obtain a closed-form solution. To deal with this, we reformulate the problem to the standard form through a series of matrix transformations. We then accomplish the problem by using the probabilistic approach based on two sorts of Bernstein-type inequalities and the worst-case approach based on S-Procedure. The simulation results indicate that the robust beamforming designs based on the probabilistic method and the worst-case method are both robust to the CSI errors. Meanwhile, the probabilistic method can provide higher feasibility rate and consumes less power.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.3-8
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• 1997

The basic aim of the current policy is to achieve and preserve a sustainable soil quality. This means that soil must retain all its functions for years to come. The Soil Protection Act lays down a statutory "duty of care", which means that soil contamination occurring during certain activities must be cleaned up by the person who cause it. The Soil Cleanup (Interim Measures) Act(1983) was repeated on 15 May 1994, and its provisions, together with some ammendments and additions, were assimilated into the Soil Protection Act. These cleanup regulations are intended to deal with "old cases" of soil contamination, i.e. cases that came to light before 1 January 1987, when the Soil Protection Act entered into force. The urgency for cleanups is dependent upon the actual exposure. In most cases actual exposure win be less than potential exposure (underlying C-values) because only a few exposure routes are present. Cleanup of sites where exposure exceeds maximum tolerable risk levels are considered urgent, and the actual risk level is used to prioritize the cleanup.oritize the cleanup.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.481-490
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• 2006

Adjusting pressure level in the construction of athletes' tight-fitting garments by reducing the elastic knit pattern is a challenging subject, which influences the performance of the wearer directly. Therefore, in this study, relationship between the reduction rates of the basic pattern obtained from 3D human scan data and resultant clothing pressure was explored to improve the fit and pressure exerted by clothing. 3D scan data were obtained using Cyberware and they were transformed into a flat pattern using software based on Runge-Kutta method. Reduction rate was examined by subjective wear test as well as objective pressure measurement. As a result, difference in the length between the original 3D body scan data and the 2D tight-fitting pattern was 0.02$\sim$0.50cm (0.05$\sim$1.06%), which was within the range of tolerable limits in making clothes. Among the five garments, the 3T-pattern was superior in terms of subjective sensation and fit. The pressure of the 3T pattern was 2$\sim$4 gf/cm2 at five locations on the body, which is almost the same or a bit higher than that of Z-pattern. In the case of tight-fitting overall garment, the reduction rate of the pattern in the wale direction is more critical to the subjective sensation than the course direction. It is recommended that the reduction grading rules of course direction should be larger than that of Ziegert for a better fit of tight-fitting garments. In the case of wale direction, however, reduction grading rule should be kept the same as suggested earlier by Ziegert (1988).

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 1995

Undiluted neoasozin solution (6.5% a.i.), an arsenic fungicide, was sprayed on 169 cankers of apple trees from early March to September in 1987 twice at intervals of one week without scraping off the affected barks. Among the treated cankers, 79.9% ceased to grow within 1∼7 weeks, 13.0% showed partial development, and 7.1% grew continuously to girdle the branches. The partially developed cankers, however, could also be cured by an additional spray after slightly piercing at the edge of cankers to facilitate the penetration of the chemical. When the canker growth was blocked, cankers were encircled by cracks developed at the marginal area of the cankers. If the cracks developed once, very few cankers grew beyond them. The above results suggest that the crack development may be the consequence of the host defense activity to wall off the pathogen. In addition to the curative efficacy, the neoasozin solution inhibited sporulation of the pathogenic fungus almost completely. However, the pathogen survived for more than three months in some cankers that externally appeared to be cured, suggesting that an indirect mode of action of the chemical against apple Valsa canker seems to be still more persuasive than the direct fungicidal effect. In the final examination conducted in the mid April of the next year, 72.7% of the cankers were completely cured by the two successive neoasozin treatments. Moreover the cure rate became 83.1% if that of partially developed cankers which were also completely cured by an additional treatment was also taken into account. Since 1989 when this method was widely applied in apple orchards in Korea, apple Valsa canker has been effectively controlled to reach a tolerable level.