• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.418-427
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• 2015

This study was carried out to evaluate the performance of a lab-scale novel septic tank system for improving the conventional septic tank in the developing countries of water shortages. The lab-scale novel septic tank system consists of sepetic tank, aeration tank with HBC-ring, and sand filter. Optimum HRT was reguired about 1.5days to get a total COD removal efficiency of 90%, COD, BOD and SS removal efficiency was about 70%, 60%, and 85% in sepetic tank only. The structure of sepetic tank with two stages results in the high removal efficiency of organic matter. When sepetic tank, aeration tank, and sand filter were more than HRT 1.5days, 18hrs, and 12hrs, respectively, final effluent was less than 20 mg/L of BOD, 14 mg/L of SS, so that there is a high potential of its use for reusing water in flush toilet. There is no significant effect of HRT change on nutrient removal. Total nitrogen removal efficiency was about 40%, final effluent was 30~40 mg/L of TN, total phosphorus removal efficiency was about 11~25%, final effluent was 9~12 mg/L of TP. Because there is very small amounts of organic nitrogen and phosphorus in effluent, it was possible to reuse water for agricultural use.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.121-128
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• 1995

The object of this study is to analyze the actual use of and the problems of bathrooms in urban apartments which have two bathrooms. There are some problems with the present western style bathrooms which have three different facilities in the same room: a toilet, a bathtub, and a washstand. Twenty-five percent of the respondents use the bathtub as a water tank or a storage. A toil not combined with a bathtub as well as some dressing space are desired for the main bathroom. Many residents of young age satisfied with the bathroom attached to the badroom.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.174-180
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• 2003

Purpose : Unstable bladder has been known to be one of the reasons for the genesis and persistance of primary vesicoureteral reflux(VUR) in children. And treatment of unstable bladder by anticholinergic agent may contribute to the resolution of primary VUR. We evaluated the effect of an anticholinergic agent(oxybutynin) on the resolution of primary VUR in children with different toilet training and voiding functions. Methods : 152 children with persistant primary VUR after one year of follow up were randomly assigned to the oxybutynin group(n=59, oxybutynin 0.2 mg/kg twice daily) and the control group(n=93, no oxybutynin) at Ewha Womans University Mok-Dong Hospital from October 1996 to April 2002. The resolution rate of the VUR and the difference according to the status of toilet training and voiding dysfunction were analyzed. Statistical analysis was done by the Chi-square test and a P-value of less than 0.05 was considered as significant. Results : VUR was resolved in 49.2%, improved in 20.3% and not changed in 30.5% in the oxybutynin group(n=59) which was not significantly different to 45.2%, 16.1%, 38.7% in the control group(n=93), respectively. In the non-toilet trained young children, VUR was resolved in 50.0%, improved in 23.5% and not changed in 26.5% in the oxybutynin group(n=34) which was not significantly different to 44.2%, 19.2%, 36.6% in the control group(n=52), respectively. In the toilet trained older children, VUR was resolved in 48.0%, improved in 16.0% and not changed in 36.0% in the oxybutynin group(n=25) which was not significantly different to 46.3%, 12.2%, 41.5% in the control group(n=41), respectively. In the toilet trained older children with no voiding dysfunction, VUR was resolved in 33.3%, improved in 11.1% and not changed in 55.5% in the of oxybutynin group(n=9) which was not significantly different to 53.6 %, 10.7%, 35.7% in the control group(n=28), respectively. In the toilet trained older children with voiding dysfunction, VUR was resolved in 56.3%, improved in 18.7% and not changed in 25.0% in the oxybutynin group(n=16), which looked higher than 30.7%, 15.4%, 53.9% in the control group(n=13), respectively, but these were not significantly different either. Conclusion : Oxybutynin was not effective in the resolution of primary VUR in non-toilet trained young children and toilet trained older children. Oxybutynin showed slightly higher tendency of reflux resolution in toilet-trained older children with voiding dysfunction but the difference was not statistically significant. Judicious use of oxybutynin is required in selected older children with VUR and voiding dysfunction.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.9 no.8
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• pp.268-273
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• 2019

The study was to find out whether the more difficult each activities of daily living(ADLs) is, the more high subjective health status, or health insecurity, is among those in their 65 or older in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. The subjects were asked up to 1 to 5 points for subjective health status and ADLs. And according to the performance level of each activities of daily living, the order trend was analyzed in four groups (very difficult, difficult, easy, and very easy) by Jonckheere-Terpstra. Order trends were also compared using a linear regression line. Depending on the degree of difficulty in "using toilet," "bathing" and "shopping," the insecurities in subjective health status showed a corresponding order differences. It has been shown that the slope of "using toilet" on a linear regression line is the largest. The more difficult it was to "use toilet," "bathing" and "shopping," the higher the score of health insecurity was.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-4
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• 1975

The law prohibits use of human excreta without proper treatment since 1968 in Korea, but the rate of infection of parasitic diseases is high among all ages of people. An examination of parasitic eggs in soil and vegetables was performed from April to September, 1974, soil samples were collected near toilet, at gardens, at vegetable farms with excreta used and not used, and strawberry farms in Shindong myon, Chunseong-gun, Kangwon province, and vegetables collected were cabbage, young radish, lettuce, Welshonion, spinach and strawberry. Main findings are as follows 1. Positive samples of Ascaris lumbricoides are 18 out of 25(64%) in the soils near toilet, 9 out of 28(3.2%) in the garden soils and 8 out of 18(44%) in the soils of vegetable farms. 2. Trichocephalus trichiurus and Enterobius vermicularis were detected in 8 soil samples respectively Trichostrongylus orientalis 7(25%) and Ancylostoma duodenale 3(11%) out of in the soils near toilets. 3. Parasitic egg negatives are 62(55%) out of 112 soil samples. 4. Ascaris lumbricoides is found in 11 roots(48%) of cabbage and young radish out of 23 respectively, 14 lettuce(34%) out of 41,4 Welsh onion(40%) out of 10,3 spinach(33%) out of 9, and 2 strawberry(11%) out of 18. 5. Ancylostoma duodenale positives are 2 roots of cabbage(9%) out of 23, 4 young radish (17%) out of 23, and 7 lettuce(17%) out of 41, and negatives of parasitic eggs on vegetables are 62 roots(51%) out of 124 samples.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.269-276
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• 2012

Marine caused pollution occurs mostly near coastal area and its main cause was known to be human feces issued from small vessels. To sterilize liquid pollutants from portable toilets of small vessels, an electrolysis treatment is judged to be the most economic and stable method considering an environment of its use. In this paper, we presents an electrolysis apparatus which is the most appropriate for sterilizing pollutants from portable toilets of small vessels and derives the minimum operating time of the apparatus for sterilizing norovirus which is a main target of marine caused pollution sources. In order to utilize renewable energy, we designed an apparatus which generates a renewable energy from solar cells. As a result, we could confirm the applicability of the proposed system with the results from experiments in three cases of different weather conditions.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.165-176
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• 2006

In the design guideline about the existing elderly housing, the equipment related to bathroom are the most important in the secure and functional aspect. On the other hand, the present elderly housing is being designed according to foreign design guideline or common housing form instead of reflecting living and physical qualities of the Korean elderly. Therefore, in this study based on the guideline of the existing literature, we made Mockup furnished with the equipments of bathroom and conducted an experiment in finding proper position and height for Korean elderly enough to use the bathroom conveniently and independently. The equipments of bathroom consist of different height wash bowls, toilet stools, grab bars, and a bathtub. As a result, suitable height of wash bowl is 760 mm $\pm{\alpha}$. We can realized that elderly feel comfortable to grab perpendicular bars of toilet stools more than horizontal ones. So it is necessary for elderly to grip perpendicular of grab bars added to prevention slipping and made shape easy to hold. Most of elderly told us that 500 mm of the bathtub setting is suitable. But many other people feel high. So height of the bathtub must be established lower than 500 mm for safety in the bathroom and for convenience.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 1999.04b
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• pp.296-301
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• 1999

Different papers such as toilet and towel tissue, newsprint and copy paper made from reclaimed fibres were characterized using UV-VIS reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy. The emission properties of the extracts of the papers were also evaluated. Photochemical irradiation at ambient temperatures, and thermal aging of the copy papers at 105$^{\circ}C$ and 150$^{\circ}C$ were performed. Post-colour numbers (PC) were calculated from the reflectance values measured from the corresponding UV-VIS reflectance spectra. Light absorption coefficient spectra were calculated before and after irradiation, and the changes in absorption coefficient were related to the content of chromophores in the papers. Photochemical and thermal discolouration of the copy papers, similar to that of virgin fibres, was readily observed. The influence of changes in the concentrations of fluorescent brightening agents and dyes on the spectral properties was also assessed. Photostabilization studies of the copy papers were performed with the use of polymer additives polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.80-93
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• 2006

This purpose was to explore various directions of elderly service welfare space in village community center. Data were collected 3 types that floor plans of village community centers from 24 villages, interview data of these centers use and needs from 24 aged leaders or 96 elderly. The results were as followed: 1) The floor plans of more than 50% was type IV that was composed a basic spaces(entrance, living room, two rooms, kitchen), a toilet space, a heating system space and a storage space. This type was a current basis of the rural village community centers for elderlies. 2) Elderlies used the centers at winter or out of agricultural season, and visited these to pass the time and to promote friendship among them. 3) Also they went these to take a meal together and to save down personal heating expenses. Their needs for centers were a temporary share dwelling space at winter, a maintain social relationship throughout a health, a education and a side work activity, supplying health or sports facilities, and setting up toilet space. Therefore the current centers were needed to add functions of a temporary share dwelling, a energy saving heat system and a social promoting relationship, and so these could be represented to a elderly welfare service center in rural villages.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.393-399
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• 2020

The use of different types of wastewater (WW) for the cultivation of microalgae and cyanobacteria during recent decades has provided important economic and environmental benefits. However, direct use of WW can lead to growth inhibition and biomass contamination. In the present study, we separated the key WW nutrients, namely nitrate and phosphate, by adsorption and regeneration and used the resulting regenerated water to cultivate the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. The adsorbent was granular γ-alumina derived from waste aluminum cans. This procedure recovered 19.9% of nitrate and 23.7% of phosphate from WW. The cyanobacterial cultures efficiently assimilated the nutrients from the medium prepared using regenerated WW, and the growth and nutrient uptake were similar to those in a synthetic medium. In addition, imposing nutrient limitations to increase carbohydrate productivity was easily achieved using regenerated wastewater nutrients, without requiring additional dilution or complex processing. In acute toxicity tests, the harvested biomass in a regenerated medium had similar toxicity levels compared to the biomass obtained from a synthetic medium. The proposed method of using regenerated WW to produce contamination-free biomass has broad potential applications.