• Child Health Nursing Research
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.221-231
• /
• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the toilet training status (TTS) of Korean toddlers and their mothers' level of knowledge of toilet training (TT) and to identify the relationship between toddlers' TTS and mothers' level of knowledge of TT. Method: The participants in this study were 315 12-29 month old infants and their mothers recruited from outpatient clinics of hospitals and day care centers. T-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to analyze the data. Results: TTS of Korean toddlers showed was more advanced compared with previous research samples except for independent hand washing after toileting and this improved with age. The mothers showed higher understanding of the importance of a positive experience and a different pace for each child in the appropriate period for toilet training but less appreciation of the readiness of child to initiate TT. There was a significant correlation between TTS and mothers' level of knowledge of TT. Conclusion: Using the above findings, health professionals who work with children and their families need to develop parent education programs on TT that will promote toddlers' physical and socio-emotional development.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• 제52권7호
• /
• pp.778-784
• /
• 2009

목 적 : 대소변 훈련 시기와 기간 및 부작용과 이에 영향을 주는 인자 등을 살펴보고, 부모들에게 적절한 교육이 되는 자료를 살펴보고자 이 연구를 시작하였다. 방 법 : 2009년 1월부터 2009년 2월까지 전주예수병원과 전주, 익산, 군산지역 소아청소년과 의원에 방문하는, 만 2-6세 아기 1,370명의 부모를 대상으로 성별, 주거 지역, 가족 관계, 기저귀 종류, 훈련 시작 시기, 낮과 밤에 각각 대소변 가린 시기, 부작용, 엄마의 교육 정도, 맞벌이 여부, 경제 수준 등에 대해서 설문조사하였으며, 대소변 훈련 시작 시기와 기간, 완료 시기 및 영향을 주는 인자와 부작용을 분석하였다. 결 과 : 훈련 시작 시기와 완료 시기는 남녀 차이가 없었으며, 군 지역 거주, 위에 형제 자매가 있는 경우, 천기저귀를 사용하는 경우, 맞벌이, 경제 수준이 낮은 경우에 빨랐다. 낮에 대변 가리기, 낮 소변 가리기, 밤 소변 가리기 완료 시기는 각각 23.7개월, 24.8개월, 32.7개월이었으며, 훈련에 필요한 기간은 각각 4.8개월, 5.9개월, 14.0개월이었다. 훈련 완료 시기는 훈련을 18개월 이전에 시킨 경우에는 22.9개월로 18-24개월의 25.9개월, 25개월 이상의 31.0개월보다 일찍 훈련을 마칠 수는 있었으나, 기간은 18개월 이전에 시킨 경우가 8.4개월로 18-24개월의 5.6개월, 25개월 이상의 3.8개월보다 더 걸렸다. 부작용은 유분증, 변비, 거부 반응, 숨기 순이었으며, 18개월 이전에 훈련을 시킨 경우가 그 이후에 시킨 경우보다 유분증과 거부 반응이 많았다. 결 론 : 대소변 훈련 시기는 최소한 18개월 이후에 아기의 발달사항을 종합적으로 고려한 후에 하는 것이 좋을 것으로 판단되었으며 향후 우리나라의 적절한 권고가 만들어져야 할 것이다.

• 대한간호학회지
• /
• 제3권3호
• /
• pp.119-132
• /
• 1973

This study observed on habitual methods of toilet training for infants and toddlers in Korea thru 300 mothers at four medical institutions Ewha Woman′s University Hospital, Ewha Maternal and Child Health Center, Severance Hospital and Seoul National University Hospital) with a design to analyze beginning time, duration of period, methods employed, motives, equipments used, special terminology used for the subject training. The main purpose of this study was to generalize the proper methods of toilet training, and also to contribute a better psychological education for the mother and child. The results obtained from this study were as follows; 1. Majority of (67.3%) observed were in the age category between 30 and 40 years, and dominant numbers (64.7%) were housewives with high level of education and from middle class family background. 2. In the most cases (85%), toilet training was carried out by mothers(including wives who had a job) while more than half of mothers (53.7%) maintained their important motive for the training was "due to having high regard for cleanliness" 3. As for the time of beginning toilet training: finding indicated that starting period was decided (70%) at inconsiderate desertion of each mother. whereas, only minority group (30%) represents the cases where mother started the training when they consider tile child was physically and psychologically randy. Also greater number (77.7%) started bladder training prior to that of bowel. 4. It is noticeable that in course of training a large number of mothers (48.3%) applied strict training method when the child proper talenting, and the more rigid and strict in tile training. the more malformation of personality of the infant and toddler were seen after the training period (P<0.01). 5. Over the half of the total cases denoted (bowel 54.3%, bladder 67.7%) starting period before one year and in most cases (bowel 79.3%, bladder 729)the training was accomplished within 12 month, and therefore it was noted that earlier start(before 1 year) shortened the training period (with 12 month) . There was no significant difference between male and female infants in both starting period and duration of period in bladder training, however, in bowel training there was a tendency that female started earlier(7-12 months needed, 51.4%) than tile male (13-18 months needed, largest number 41.4%), and also in cases of female the period for needed for training were shorter than the cases of male. 6. Many a number (bowel 50.3%, bladder 97.7%) employed the method of continuous talenting at regular interval in accordance with that of child′s habit formed before training. Equipment used were various kinds, however, pieces of paper for male (45.5%) and piss pot or bedpost (42.3%) for female were common, on the other hand, "Eung-ga" for defecation (52.3%) and "Shii" for the urination (95.3%) were most standard expression that used during the training period.

• 아동학회지
• /
• 제5권
• /
• pp.65-80
• /
• 1984

The purpose of this study was the description of general trends in feeding, weaning and toilet training in agricultural and fishing communities in Korea, where the traditions are better preserved; thereby to present useful material for improving child rearing practices. The results of this study showed that: 1) Breast-feeding is the dominant form of nursing. The mother nurses freely whenever the baby wants to be fed. The mother caresses the baby while she nurses him. The nursing period is relatively long, up to 1 and a half years. 2) Generally, the time of weaning starts late - between 9 months and 18 months. Many mothers apply a bitter tasting solution to their nipples to aid weaning. The many things give a baby foods, the recipe for which the acquire knowledge from his family and acquaintances. 3) Toilet training generally starts after 1 full year. Potties are commonly used. The infant is reminded of its error whenever it makes a mistake and cleanliness is stressed. Urination and defecation are taught to be dirty things. In summary, discipline is not strict enforced but given naturally as the infants grow: This was interpreted in terms of the traditional way of life and geographical characteristics.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2015

Coexisting voiding and bowel dysfunction in children are common in the clinic. The idea that overactive bladder (OAB) and constipation arise from one single pathophysiology has been reinforced in many studies. In Korea, a nationwide multicenter study conducted in 2009 showed that overall prevalence of OAB in children, 5-13 years of age, was 16.59% and this number has increased more recently. The initial step to manage coexisting fecal retention and OAB in children is to characterize their bowel and bladder habits and to treat constipation if present. Although diagnosing constipation in children is difficult, careful history-taking using the Bristol Stool Form Scale, and a scoring system of plain abdominal radiography, can help to estimate fecal retention more easily and promptly. Non-pharmacological approaches to manage functional constipation include increasing fluids, fiber intake, and physical activity. Several osmotic laxatives are also effective in improving OAB symptoms and fecal retention. Additionally, correction and education in relation to toilet training is the most important measure in treating OAB with fecal retention.

• 대한가정학회지
• /
• 제11권3호
• /
• pp.329-344
• /
• 1973

The purpose of this study is to find how the mother's rearing patterns and attitudes influence on a child's social personality development. Many contemporary psychologists insist that mother's rearing attitudes and methods before age of six influence on child's social personality development a great deal. Freud divided the child's developmental stages into three : oral, anal, and phallic period. According to his assumptions the way of mother's feeding and weaning has very important relationship with the personality development through ora period and how to handle toilet training will greatly influence through anal period. In addition to this, Symonds declares that a mother's rearing attitudes will influence the establishment of social characteristics of the child. The moderate attitude-not too overprotective or rejective or submissive or dominate-is desirable. If mother's attitude declines to one aspect among these four kinds too much, the child would have chances to develop maladjusted social characteristics such as aggressiveness , submissiveness, dependency, and dominativeness. The hypotheses of this study were based on Freud and Symonds theory and tested by correlation and the difference of percentage. The results of the study were as follows : I. The relationship between rearing pattern and social characteristics 1. When the child has too strictly scheduled feeding time, he will have aggressive attitudes. 2. The longer the feeding period, the more dependency the child will have. 3. In case the toilet training was taken place too early or strictly, the child will withdraw into his shell. 4. When the child failed to perform the toilet training and was punished because of that, the child's personality will likely to be too submissive or aggressive. II. The relationship between mother's attitudes and social personality 1. When the mother's attitude is too overprotective the child showed withdrawn characteristics (r = 89) or dependency ( r = 24). 2. The child whose mother has too rejective attitude also showed withdrawn characteristics ( r = 31). As Sears insisted self-demanding schedule is recommendable and the weaning supposed to be started after age of one and a half years and finished around age of two. The toilet training which has rather severe consequences than the feeding methods should be started when the child is able to understand what is expected to him. Sears says that about two years after birth would be proper but individual difference should be considered. As a conclusion, Flexible and understanding attitudes and rearing methods is necessary for a sound establishment of social personality.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.174-180
• /
• 2003

목적 : 불안정 방광은 소아에서 원발성 방광 요관역류를 생성하고 지속시키는 원인으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 불안정 방광의 치료제인 항콜린제의 사용은 일차성 방광요관역류의 자연 소실율을 증가시킬 수 있으나 논쟁의 여지가 있어왔다. 저자들은 항콜린제인 옥시부티닌이 소변 가리기 훈련과 배뇨 증상이 각기 다른 소아에서 원발성 방광요관역류의 소실에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 하였다. 방법 : 1996년 10월부터 2002년 4월까지 이화의대 목동병원에 요로 감염으로 입원한 후 방광요관역류가 발견되고 1년 후 추적 검사에서도 소실되지 않은 152명을 대상으로 하였다. 옥시부티닌군(59명)은 옥시부티닌과 trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole을, 대조군(93명)은 trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole만을 투약했다. 방광요관역류의 소실율을 나이, 소변 가리기 및 배뇨 장애 유무에 따라 구분하여 분석하였다. 통계 분석은 Chisquare test를 이용하였고 P-값이 0.05 미만을 유의한 것으로 간주하였다. 결과 : 방광요관역류의 변화는 옥시부티닌군(59명)에서 소실 49.2%, 호전 20.3%, 무변화 30.5%로 대조군(93명)의 45.2%, 16.1%, 38.7%와 비교해 유의한 차이는 없었다. 소변을 가리지 못하는 영유아에서 방광요관역류의 변화는 옥시부티닌군(34명)에서 소실 50.0%, 호전 23.5%, 무변화 26.5%로 대조군(52명)의 44.2%, 19.2%, 36.6%와 비교해 유의한 차이는 없었다. 소변을 가리는 소아에서 방광요관역류의 변화는 옥시부티닌군(25명)에서는 소실 48.0%, 호전 16.0%, 무변화 36.0%로 대조군(41명)의 46.3%, 12.2%, 41.5%와 비교해 유의한 차이는 없었다. 소변을 가리고 배뇨 장애도 없는 연장아에서 방광요관역류의 변화는 옥시부티닌군(9명)에서 소실 33.3%, 호전11.1%, 무변화 55.6%로 대조군(28명)의 53.6%, 10.7%, 35.7%와 비교해 유의한 차이는 없었다. 소변을 가리나 배뇨 장애를 보이는 연장아에서 방광요관역류의 변화는 옥시부티닌군(16명)에서는 소실 56.3%, 호전 18.7%, 무변화 25.0%로 대조군(13명)의 30.7%, 15.4%, 53.9%와 비교해 소실되는 경향이나 유의한 차이는 없었다. 결론 : 옥시부티닌은 소변 가리기나 배뇨 장애와 관계없이 모든 소아에서 역류의 소실율에 미치는 치료 효과가 없었다. 배뇨 장애를 보이는 연장아에서는 역류의 소실율이 약간 증가되는 경향이 있었으나 유의하지 않았다. 원발성 방광요관역류에서 옥시부티닌은 배뇨 장애를 보이는 일부 연장아에서 신중하게 사용되어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 2010

Objectives Taking detailed patient history helps earlier diagnosis and treatment of developmental disability. In this study we analyzed the clinical questionnaire to find out the clinical characteristics of those with five-retardation, five-limpness, or five-stiffness. Methods The data was collected from 484 children under the age of six who have visited H oriental medicine clinic for developmental delay. The clinical questionnaire was filled out by their parents and the data was analyzed statistically. Results 436 children showed symptoms of five-retardation, 90 children suffered from five-stiffness, 54 children showed five-limpness and 7 children suffered from five-stiffness and five-limpness complex. Generally, boys had higher chance to show disease symptoms than the girls (2.32:1) and 40 children (8.26%) reported family history of developmental disability. Cerebral palsy ranks the most common familial disease, followed by developmental delay, mental retardation, autistic disorder and language disorder. Among the children we have studied, 285 children (63.19%) showed delayed unassisted walk while 192 children (42.57%) had language disorder. Also, 138 children (28.51%) had both walk and language disorders. The children in this study also showed delayed toilet training and half of them had little stranger anxiety when they were infants. It was also found that 120 children (24.79%) experienced epilepsy. This study reaffirmed that low birth weight, premature birth, and suffocation are major risks causing neurological damage. Conclusions They had history which including family history, problems at birth, epilepsy, face recognition, muscle tone disorder, delayed walking without assistance, language ability, and toilet training.

• 대한가정학회지
• /
• 제35권3호
• /
• pp.47-62
• /
• 1997

The purpose of this study was to survey mothers' child-rearing practices. A total of 288 middle class mothers having children aged three to four responded to the questionnaires on child-rearing practices. The results were as follows: 1. Mothers mostly gave birth to their children in th hospital, and only 13.9% of children were breast-fed within 6 months after birth. 2. Most of mothers began weaning within 6 months after birth and finished it within 24 months. 3. Toilet training generally started between 18 and 24 months, and mostly finished in 30 months. 4. The attitude of mothers on self-help training was moderately generous to their children. 5. Most of mothers took care of their children as primary caretakers except the employed mothers whose mothers and mothers-in-law mainly took the role. Implications of the study have been discussed in terms of developmental perspective.

• 재활치료과학
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.47-59
• /
• 2013

목적 : 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 과제 지향적 훈련을 집단과 개별로 실시하게 하여 상지 기능, 인지 기능과 일상생활 수행력에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실시하였다. 연구방법 : 2012년 6월부터 11월까지 약 5개월간 A병원에 입원하여 뇌졸중 진단을 받은 사람 중에 재활치료를 받은 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 과제 훈련군과 개별 훈련군은 각각 13명씩 무작위 배정 하였다. 두 군 모두 동일한 내용의 과제 지향 훈련을 1일 30분씩 3주간 시행하도록 하였다. 결과 : 훈련 전 두 군의 상지 기능과 인지 기능은 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 훈련 전 일상생활 영역에서 목욕하기(p<.001), 식사하기, 개인위생과 총점(p<.05)이 집단 훈련군에서 더 높은 것으로 나타났고 훈련 후 상지 기능은 개별 훈련군에서 유의하게 높았다(p<.001). 두 그룹 모두 훈련 전후 상지 기능 식사하기, 개인위생,목욕하기, 옷 입기, 용변처리, 이동, 보행, 계단, 총점(p<.05)에 유의한 향상이 있었다. 두 그룹의 훈련 전후 변화량 비교에서 개별 훈련군이 상지 기능(p<.001)과 일상생활 영역에서 식사하기와 총점에서 더 유의한 향상을 나타냈다(p<.05). 결론 : 과제 지향적 훈련을 시행 시 집단 훈련군과 개별 훈련군 모두 상지기능, 일상생활 수행력에 향상을 가져오며, 특히 상지 기능의 향상이 클 경우에 더 높은 일상생활 수행력의 변화를 가져 올 수 있다. 앞으로 보다 많은 환자를 대상으로 장기간에 걸친 종단적인 사례 연구가 필요하다.