• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.225-233
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• 2000

The aim in this study was to obtain the basic data for estimation of optimal mating time and ovulation time by finding out the relationship between vaginal cytology and reproductive hormone profiles during the estrous cycle in 36 Korea Jin-do bitches. A characteristic features of vaginal cytology during the estorous cycle were the high proportion of superficial cell, anuclear cell and erythrocyte in proestrus, superficial cell, anuclear cell and erythroucyte in estrus, parabasal cell, small and large intermediate cell and leukocytes in diestrus, and parabasal cell and small intermediate cell in anestrus, respectively. Cornification index(CI) was the high proportion in proestrus and estrus, then it was decreaed in diestrus and anestrus. It indicated that the CI was significantly high proportion in proestrus and estrus in comparison with the other phases. Plasma progesterone concentration was below 1.0ng/ml at the first day of vulval bleeding in pregnant and non-pregnat bitches, and then it was increaed slowly. When Day 0 was timed from the day that plasma progesterone concentration was first increased above 4.0ng/ml, plasma progesterone concentrations at Day 0 in pregnant and non-pregnant above 4.0 ng/ml, plasma progesterone concentrations at Day 0 in pregnant and non-pregnant bitches were $5.2{\pm}0.3ng/ml and 5.7{\pm}0.5ng/ml$$46.5{\pm}3.3 ng/ml$ in pregnant bitches and at Day 20 with $39.8{\pm}0.1ng/ml$ in nonpregnant bitches. It indicated that plasma progesterone concentration was higher in pregnant bitches than in non-pregnant bitches. Hereafter plasma progesterone concentration was decreased steadily. At Day 63 which is parturition day, plasma progesterone concentration was decreased below 1.0ng/ml with $0.8{\pm}0.2ng/ml$ in pregnant bitches whereas in the non-pregnant bitches at Day 75 were decreased below 1.0ng/ml with 40.5{\pm}0.4ng/ml$. Plasma progesterone concentrations was maintained below 1.0ng/ml during anestrus in all of them. The plasma estradiol-17 $\beta$ concentration was increased above 1.0 pg/ml at the first day of vulval bleeding and it showed a peak Day-1 with 38.2 pg/ml. Thereafter it was sharply decreased after Day 0, which was the day that plasma progesterone concentration was first increase above 4.0ng/ml, and was maintained below basal levels. In relationship between CI and reproductive hormones, plasma estradiol-17 $\beta$concentration showed a peak at Day-3 and CI showed a peak at Day-1 which was the second day after plasma estradiol-17 $\beta$ peak, and plasma progesterone concentration was first increased above 4.0ng/ml at Day 0 which was the first day after CI peak. CI was first increased above 80% at Day-6 which was the third day before plasma estradio-17 $\beta$ peak and it was maintained above 80% between Days-6 and Day 3 during 10 days, and showed above 90% at Day-3 which was the day that plasma estradiol-17 $\beta$peak and was maintained above 90% between Day-3 and Day 3 during 7 days. In conclusion, ovulation in Koran Jin-do bitches occurred at the first day after CI peak, at the third day after plasma estradiol-17 $\beta$peak and the day when plasma progesterone concentration was first increased above 4.0 ng/ml. And it was estimated that the optimal mating time was the day when the CI was maintained above 90% and plasma progesterone concentration was between 3.0~8.0ng/ml. Therefore plasma progesterone concentration measurement was used for determination of an accurate ovulation time and the optimal mating time but also vaginal cytology, which is low-priced with equipment and is the simple examination method, was reliable method for estimating estrous cycle, optimal breeding time and ovulation time in Korea Jin-do bitches.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.165-177
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of different working days of married working men and women on their time use on the weekend. The data collected by The National Statistical Office in 1999 was used. Among the total sample of 17,000 families, 7580 samples who are married, employed, and more than 20 yews old are selected for the analysis. This study has resulted in two major findings. (1)the working days affect on the time use on the weekend. The pattern is somewhat different by sex. The women spend more time in leisure and houseworks on the weekend as the working days decrease. However, the men do not spend more time on doing houseworks as the working days decrease. The time spent on leisure and physiologic time is increased both men and women as the change of workweek from the biweekly five-day to the weekly five-day: (2)if the five-day workweek and more flexible hours are introduced, they will contribute to Improve the quality of life of workers. This fact shows positive view at the last stage of legislation of the five-day workweek .

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.442-446
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to document; the development of head circumferences, changes of the eyes, and the time of eruption of deciduous teeth in Shih-tzu dogs. In 12 pups of 4 Shih-tzu bitches, the development of head circumferences were estimated from whelping day (Day 0) to 41 days after birth, and the changes of the eyes and the time of eruption of deciduous teeth were estimated from whelping day to 45 days. The head circumferences were $11.24{\pm}0.67\;(mean{\pm}S.D)$ cm in Day 0 and $19.87{\pm}1.42cm$ in Day 41 and the daily increased length was $0.22{\pm}0.08cm$, respectively. The changes of the eyes wert: determined the first and the completely opening time of eyes. The first and completely opening time of the eyes in pups Day $10.75{\pm}0.97$ (range: $9.50{\sim}13.00$) and Day $13.17{\pm}1.27\;(11.50{\sim}15.33)$, respectively. In the time of deciduous teeth eruption in Shih-tzu, the first day of eruption was started in Day 35.90. The rank of deciduous teeth eruption was $C_1,\;C^1,\;P_3,\;I^3,\;I^2,\;P_4,\;I^1\;and\;P_2$, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.79-83
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• 1991

Diurnal variation in faecal chromic oxide levels was estimated from 4 hourly faecal sampling of 56 wethers allotted to one of six different feeding patterns. Sampling occurred on days 6 and 7 (Period 1) after a controlled release device was administered, and was repeated on days 14 and 15 (Period 2) following re-randomisation of the wethers to the feeding patterns. Increasing the frequency of feeding tended to be associated with higher faecal chromic oxide levels (p < 0.05), particularly in wethers fed thrice daily at 8 hour intervals. There was no interaction between feeding pattern and period, sampling day or time within-day. There were significant period x time within-day (p < 0.05) and day x time within-day (p < 0.001) interactions, indicating that variation in faecal chromic oxide between sample times was not consistent. This implies that sampling at any time of day is unlikely to result in a biased estimate of pasture intake, providing sufficient samples are collected. Significant period (p < 0.001) and period x day (p < 0.01) effects were associated with slow faecal chromic oxide equilibration in period 1. Equilibration did not occur until after day 7, indicating a need for caution when commencing sampling.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.314-320
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• 2019

BACKGROUND: As consumption of unripe mandarin increases, its cultivation has increased in open field cultivation areas. Because unripe mandarin must be harvested before ripening and color change, the optimum harvest time must be determined. This study investigated the effect of the harvest season on the yield of unripe fruit and biennial flowering of 'Miyagawa' satsuma mandarin. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two areas of unripe mandarin orchard were selected, and the yield, fruit growth, working time, and flowering of trees the following year were investigated. Fruit was harvested at 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 days after full bloom and at general ripening. Fruit yield of unripe mandarin increased with later harvest time from 100^th to 120^th day except normal ripening. The next year, biennial occurred with normal ripening and harvesting, but not at the 120^th day after full bloom. At the 40^th day (earliest harvest time), summer and autumn shoots were present, but not after the 100^th day. The 40^th day required the most harvesting time; because the time gradually decreased with later harvest, the harvest time was shortest on the 120^th day, and general ripening occurred shortly after the 120^th day. CONCLUSION: Harvesting of unripe mandarin 100-120 days after full bloom was ideal to reduce harvesting time, enhance yield, and enable flowering the following year.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.107-116
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• 1993

This study is conducted to investigate treatability by activated sludge process for wastewater from acetaldehyde manufacturing plant. The optimum hydraulic retention time in aeration tank for removal of high strength substrate were measured. The removal efficiency were checked out by hydraulic retention time : 35hr., 40hr. and 45hr., respectively. $COD_{Cr}$, like substances were removed in all hydraulic retention time zone directed for efficiency, but non-biodegradable substances were remained. $COD_{Cr}$ biomass loading was 0.81kg $COD_{Cr}/kgMLVSS$ . day at 35hr. of retention time, 0.34 kg$COD_{Cr}$/kg MLVSS . day at 40hr., and O.l9kg$COD_Cr$/kgMLVSS . day at 45hr. And the mean $COD_{Cr}$, removal efficiency was 65.5%, 81.6% and 83.0%, respectively. And also $COD_{Cr}$, volume loading was 1.01kg$COD_{Cr}/m^3$ day, 0.87kg$COD_{Cr}/m^3$ - day, and 0.79kg$COD_{Cr}/m^3{\cdot }$day, respectively. The basic design parameter obtained is as fallows. The value of Specific substrate removal rate coefficient (k), Yield coefficient(Y) and Decay coefficient($k_d$) was $0.0013day^{-1}$, $0.505kgMLVSS/kgCOD_{Cr}$ and $0.040day^{-1}$, respectively.

• Journal of Biomedical and Translational Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.86-91
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• 2018

Angiotensin receptor blockers, such as telmisartan, are considered effective in the treatment of hypertension and proteinuria due to chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats. It selectively blocks the $AT_1$ receptor and does not affect the $AT_2$ receptor, thus effectively blocking the activity of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system. This study aims to compare over time the changes in various indicators, including systemic hypertension and proteinuria, before and after the administration of telmisartan in cats with CKD. Decrease in blood pressure (BP) (p<0.001) and urine protein to creatinine (UP/C) ratio (p<0.001) were found to be statistically significant over time after the administration of telmisartan. BP and the UP/C ratio were $160{\pm} 22.2$ and $0.50{\pm}0.647$ before telmisartan administration (Day 0), $150{\pm}21.0$ and $0.27{\pm}0.487$ on the 30th day (Day 30), $150{\pm}17.0$ and $0.25{\pm}0.376$ on the 60th day (Day 60), and $140{\pm}17.8$ and $0.15{\pm}0.233$ on the 90th day (Day 90) after administration, respectively. BP and UP/C were statistically significantly lower in cats with CKD over time at each time point from Day 0 to Day 90 at 30 day intervals. Especially after 90 days of telmisartan administration, the improvement of BP and UP/C were estimated to be about 20 mmHg and 0.35, respectively. In conclusion, the oral administration of telmisartan to cats with CKD is effective in improving BP and proteinuria, which has a positive effect on long-term survival in cats with CKD.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.4 s.114
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• pp.454-460
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• 2005

The goal of this research was to better understand the mechanism of environmental control of PEPC expression from Hydrilla verticillata grown under $CO_2$ stress. When PEPC concentration was plotted against $CO_2$ compensation point (${\Gamma}$), a linear increase in PEPC concentration was seen with a decrease in $CO_2$ compensation point. ${\Gamma}$ was measured on each day of the time course induction. Hydrilla plants exhibited an initially large decrease in ${\Gamma}$ between day 0 and day 1; thereafter, the ${\Gamma}$ declined in a fairly linear trend for the remaining 5 day time course. PEPC activity varied greatly over the time course. PEPC activity increased daily from day 0 through day 5 of the time course. Activity of PEPC increased almost 4-fold over the time course induction. The two upper bands with the approximately 100 kD mass are the PEPC subunits and PEPC was barely detectable in day 0 but increased through day 4 with day 5 being approximately equal to day 4. We provide evidence of increased PEPC protein concentration, and increased PEPC enzyme activity in as little as 24 h after beginning of induction.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.118-126
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• 1995

The variation of the urban water demand and the amount of water in the distribution reservoir was studied with time for a day. The city of Kwangju in Korea was selected as a study area. The population of Kwangju in the end of 1993 was more than one million and two hundred thousand peoples. The average of daily water use in 1993 was about three hundred and fifty thousand tons a day. One day was devided into 12 divisions with a 2 hour increment. The water use demand related to the amount of water in the distribution reservoir was observed for the given time interval of a day. The water use index was defind in percentage that indicates the ratio of the amount of water use for a time interval to the amount of water use for a day. The water use index with consideration of the water stored in the reservoir was found to be useful to manage and to operate the water supply systems in real time.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.364-367
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to compare the plasma progesterone concentrations during gestation in 4 breeds of companion bitches. When Day 0 was timed the first male acceptance, plasma progesterone were 1.8 ± 0.4 ng/ml (Mean ± SD) at Day 0 and increased constantly with 58.5 ± 8.9 ng/ml a peak at Day 20. Thereafter plasma progesterone concentrations was decreased below 1.0 ng/ml with 0.7 ± 0.2 g/ml at Day 65. There were no statistically significant differences of plasma progesterone concentrations in the each day of gestation and in litter size among the companion bitches (p < 0.01). These results indicated that the plasma progesterone concentrations was useful method for estimating optimal breeding time, ovulation time, the time of onset of parturition, properly planned elective cesarean section and abortion time in companion bitches.