• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.19-31
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was conducted to exam the effects of the Abbreviated Cognitive Behavioral Therapy(ACBT) on chronic insomnia. Methods: Study was one-group interrupted time series study that involved 13 adults(mean age=51.7, aged 25-77 years) with chronic primary insomnia who visited sleep disorder clinic of S Hospital from November 2004 to October 2005. The subjects received 2-session individual ACBT with 2 week-interval($1^{st}$: 1.5- 2hrs, $2^{nd}$: 20-30min). To measure the subjective insomnia severity and sleep patterns, 3 times of insomnia severity index and sleep logs were completed(before ACBT, after ACBT, and 3-month after ACBT). The main outcomes were subjective insomnia severity and sleep patterns(sleep onset latency, waking after sleep onset, and total sleep time, sleep efficiency). The data were analyzed with SPSS 10.0 version program by Friedman test, Wilcoxon signed rank test with Bonferroni correction. Results: There were statistically significant decrease in insomnia severity index, sleep onset latency, and waking after sleep onset, and increase total sleep time and sleep efficiency. Conclusion: ACBT was effective in reducing subjective insomnia severity and improving sleep patterns. Sleep improvement was better sustained over time with ACBT.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2018

Objectives : Insufficient sleep could have harmful effects on mental health. We examined the mental health status of Korean adolescents according to daily sleep time and subjective sleep satisfaction using a nationwide representative sample of Korean adolescents. Methods : Data from the 2016 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey was used. Sleep duration on weekdays and subjective sleep satisfaction during the past week were asked. Participants' perceived health, happiness, stress, depressive mood, and suicidality during past 12 months were also investigated. Participants were classified by mean duration of daily sleep time and the level of sleep satisfaction, and the odds of having mental health problems were compared. Results : Compared to adolescents who slept more than 6 hours per day and satisfied with their sleep, adolescents who slept less than 6 hours per day and/or dissatisfied with their sleep were less likely to perceive themselves healthy and happy. They were also more likely to have severe stress, depressive mood, and suicidality, with highest odds ratios among adolescents with both short and dissatisfying sleep. Conclusions : Given the significant associations between sleep insufficiency and mental health problems, attention to the sleep shortage among Korean adolescents is needed. Prospective studies are warranted to elucidate the causal relationships between subjective and objective sleep insufficiency and psychiatric conditions.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.18-31
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• 1996

Jet-lag can be defined as the cumulative physiological and psychological effects of rapid air travel across multiple time zones. Many reports have suggested that age-related changes in sleep reflect fundamental changes in the circadian system and in significant declines in slow wave sleep. Jet lag is a dramatic situation in which the changes of the phase of circadian process and homeostatic process of sleep occur. Thus the authors evaluatead the changes of sleep-wake cycle from jet lag by age. Thirty-eight healthy travellers were studied for 3 days before and 7 days after jet-flights across seven to ten time zone. They were aged 19-70, They trareled eastbound, Seoul to North America (USA, Canada). Sleep onset time, wake-up time, sleep latency, awakening frequency on night sleep, awakening duration on night sleep, sleepiness at wake-up and nap length were evaluated. Our results suggest that by the 7 to 10 time zone shift, the old age group was significantly influenced in sleep-wake cycles. The date on which subjective physical condition was recovered was $6.23{\pm}83$ day after arrivals for old age group, while for young and middle age group, $4.46{\pm}1.50$ day and $4.83{\pm}1.52$ day, respectively. In old age group, sleep onset time was later than baselines and could not recover untill 7th day. But in other groups, the recovery was within 5th day. Nap dura fion was longer in old age group through jet lag than younger age group. In other parameters, there was no definite difference among three age groups. Our results suggested that the old age was significantly influenced by the disharmony between internal body clock and sleep-wake cycle needed at the travel site. Thus we proved that recovery ability from jet lag was age-dependent as well as travelling direction-dependent. To demonstrate more definite evidence, EEG monitoring and staging of sleep were funthun encouraged.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.211-219
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• 2011

Purpose: The study compared the rest-activity rhythm and sleep pattern of elderly with young group. Methods: The subjects were 22 over than 65 years old and 23 under 65 years old. An actigraph, sleep diary, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Insomnia Severity Index scale were used as measurement tools for this study. The data were analyzed with $x^2$, Lamda test, t-test and correlation with SPSS 15.0 program. Results: The elderly had lower curve than the young group in rest-activity rhythm on each time zone. In particular, the elderly group had lower rest-activity rhythm curve of 8, 9, 14, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 and 23 time zone than those of young group. Sleep pattern had statistical difference in the total sleep time, PSQI and insomnia. Total sleep time of elderly had lower score and PSQI and Insomnia had higher score than young group. Age had correlation with rest-activity rhythm, sleep efficiency, PSQI and insomnia. Conclusion: Rest-activity rhythm of the elderly showed an increase in activity in the early morning because of earlier get up than the young group and an decrease in activity in the afternoon because of taking a nap at this time. Elderly sleep was that total sleep time increased but sleep efficiency decreased and insomnia intensified. This sleep pattern was related to age and rest-activity rhythm.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 1996

Narcolepsy is characterized by sleep attack with excessive daytime sleepiness(EDS), cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucination. Paradoxically, narcoleptics tend to complain of frequent arousals and shallow sleep during the night time despite their excessive sleepiness. However, nocturnal sleep fragmentation in narcoleptics is relatively ignored in treatment strategies, compared with sleep attack/EDS and cataplexy. In our paper, we attempted to investigate further on the poor nocturnal sleep in narcoleptics and to discuss possible treatment interventions. Out of consecutively seen patients at Seoul National University Sleep Disorders Clinic and Division of Sleep Studies, we recruited 57 patients, clinically assessed as having sleep attack and/or EDS. Nocturnal polysomnography and multiple sleep latency test(MSLT) were done in each of the subjects. We selected 19 subjects finally diagnosed as narcolepsy(mean age $26.0{\pm}18.3$ years, 16 men and 3 women) for this study, depending on the nocturnal polysomnographic and MSLT findings as well as clinical history and symptomatology. Any subject co-morbid with other hypersomnic sleep disorders such as sleep apnea or periodic limb movements during sleep was excluded. Sleep staging was done using Rechtschaffen and Kales criteria. Sleep parameters were calculated using PSDENT program(Stanford Sleep Clinic, version 1.2) and were compared with the age-matched normal values provided in the program. In narcoleptics, compared with the normal controls, total wake time was found to be significantly increased with significantly decreased sleep efficiency(p<.01, p<.05, respectively), despite no difference of sleep period time and total sleep time between the two groups. Stage 2 sleep%(p<.05), slow wave sleep%(p<.05), and REM sleep%(p<.01) were found to be significantly decreased in narcoleptics compared with normal controls, accompanied by the significant increase of stage 1 sleep%(p<.01). Age showed negative correlation with slow wave sleep%(p<.05). The findings in the present study indicate significant fragmentation of nocturnal sleep in narcoleptics. Reduction of REM sleep% and the total number of REM sleep periods suggests the disturbance of nocturnal REM sleep distribution in narcoleptics. No significant correlations between nocturnal polysomnographic and MSLT variables in narcoleptics suggest that nocturnal sleep disturbance in narcoleptics may be dealt with, in itself, in diagnosing and managing narcolepsy. With the objective demonstration of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of nocturnal and daytime sleep in narcoleptics, we suggest that more attention be paid to the nocturnal sleep fragmentation in narcoleptics and that appropriate treatment interventions such as active drug therapy and/or circadian rhythm-oriented sleep hygiene education be applied as needed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.5-13
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between physical activity and sleep patterns of the elderly. Methods: The subjects of this study were 154 elderly who visited a community senior center in Korea. Data was collected by an interview and a self reported questionnaire, during the period from June to October, 2006. Physical activity was measured by IPAQ Korean version(2006), and sleep pattern by Korean Sleep Scale A developed by Oh et al.(1998). Results: The prevalence of chronic illness in the subjects was 73.4 %. The mean time of vigorous activity was $6.62{\pm}31.27$ minutes/day during the past week. Moderate activity time was $28.85{\pm}50.31$ minutes/day and walking time was $28.85{\pm}50.3$ minutes/day. The total sleep time was $397.63{\pm}111.53$ minutes/day. Physical activity of the elderly significantly correlated with sex, chronic illness, job, and sleep patterns of the elderly. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor of sleep pattern was the satisfaction of sleep. A combination of the number of chronic illnesses, moderate physical activities(MET), and total time of sleep accounted for 44.4% of the sleep pattern. Conclusions: Moderate physical activity is more effective than vigorous physical activity for improving the sleep quality of the elderly.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.8
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• pp.718-725
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• 2007

Sleep disorders are very common among pediatric patients. Its prevalence is between 10% and 45% in preschool- and school-aged children. However parents commonly do not concern about their children's sleeping habits and for many pediatricians, there is not part of the routine office visit about a childs sleep. Sleep disorders were classified by International Classification of Sleep Disorder (ICSD) as dyssomnias, parasomnias, sleep disorders associated with mental, neurologic, or other medical disorders, and proposed sleep disorders. There are lots of differences in the causes, manifestations, and managements of sleep disorders between children and adult. The sleep disorders in childhood may manifest themselves as bedtime resistance, refusal to go to bed at a parentally described time, sleep-onset delay, inability to fall asleep within a reasonable time, prolonged nighttime awakening, and inability to return to sleep without assistance after waking during the night, and so have wide-ranging influences on children's behavior, mood, school performance, and family life. It's very important for pediatrician to concern about the sleep disturbances in childhood and so the problems of sleep in children should be early detected and managed.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.354-360
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• 2015

Purpose. The purpose of this study was conducted to identify college students' sleep type and awareness of sleep. Methods. We researched 250 students in a college using the Korean Translation of Composite Scale(KtCS) and awareness of sleep questionnaire. Results. The sleeping hour of college students was 395.28 minute in average. The research showed that the biggest reason for the lack of sleep is using the computer, mobile and watching TV(22.6%), and most of them said that the lack of sleep is causing drowsiness during the daytime( 29.2%). For the questions asking when they feel drowsy during the daytime, most of them forcing themselves to stay awake(29.2%) and they caught up on sleep on the weekend(32.5%). Conclusions. Therefore college students to keep relevant sleep time and to know about the importance of the sleep.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.146-155
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• 1995

Jet lag can be defined as the cumulative physiological and psychological effects of rapid air travel across multiple time zone. The consequences of jet lag include fatigue, general malaise, sleep disturbances, and reductions of cognitive and psychomotor performance, all of which have been documented in experimental biological and air crew personnel studies. Thus authors tried to study the jet lag of natural travellers by modified self reporting sleep log. Total 61 healthy travellers was studied for 3 days before and 7 days after jet-flights across seven to ten time zone. The eastbound travelling group was 38 persons, aged 19 -70 and westbound travelling group was 23 persons, aged 13 - 69. Sleep onset time, wake-up time, sleep latency, awakening frequency on night sleep, awakening duration on night sleep, sleepiness at wake-up and nap length were evaluated. Our results suggested that the 7 to 10 time zone shift gave significant influence to traveller's sleep-wake cycles. The date which subjective physical condition was recovered on was $5.16{\pm}1.50$ day after arrivals for eastbound, while for westbound, $4.91{\pm}1.62$ day. In eastbound travelling, sleep onset time became later than baselines and could not recover until 7th day. But in westbound, it became earlier than baseline and could recover until 6th day. The mean score of 24-hour sleepiness was greater in eastboumd than westbound. Therefore the eastbound travelling caused more sleep-wake cycle disturbance and daytime dysfunction than westbound travelling. In other parameters, there was no definite difference between east and westbound. From our results, it was suggested that the symptom severity of jet lag was dependent on the travelling direction. To demonstrate more definite evidence, large sized data collections and comparision by age difference were needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.317-324
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• 2017

Purpose: Breakfast is the most important meal to provide energy for the day. Breakfast is especially important to give enough nutritional support to children and adolescents for their physical growth and sexual development. Sleep-related factors like average sleep duration and wake up time would mostly be associated with regular breakfast. This study aimed to investigate the effect of sleep on regular breakfast consumption in Korean adolescents. Methods: The study used the data from the 12th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS-XII) conducted in 2016 by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The data of 62,820 subjects (middle/high school students) were included in the final analysis. The study examined the factors related to regular breakfast, focusing on weekday average sleep duration and wake up time of middle school students and high school students, respectively. Results: Regular breakfast consumption was shown to have a statistically significant association with high economic status, nutritional education, weekday average sleep duration, wake up time, and subjective sleep satisfaction in the multivariate logistic regression. Regardless of the school level, regular breakfast consumption was significantly associated with early wake up time. As to the effect of weekday average sleep duration on regular breakfast consumption, it showed some different results depending on the school level. Conclusion: Regular breakfast consumption of Korean adolescents was related to weekday average sleep duration and wake up time. Having breakfast regularly was affected by both adequate weekday average sleep duration and early wake up time.