• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.731-743
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• 2009

The interval estimation for binomial proportion has been treated practically as well as theoretically for a long time. In this paper we compared the properties of major confidence intervals and summarized current issues for coverage probability and interval length which are the criteria of evaluation for confidence interval. Additionally, we examined the three topics which were considered in using the binomial confidence interval in the field. And finally we discussed the future studies for a low binomial proportion.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.3 no.2 s.5
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• pp.129-140
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• 2004

In this paper, we conduct the research about optimal aggregation interval of travel time data on interrupted traffic flow and verify the reliability of AVI collected data by using car plate matching method in RTMS for systematic collection and analysis of link travel time data on interrupted traffic flow rural arterial. We perform Kolmosorov-Smirnov test on AVT collected sample data and on entire population data, and conclude that the sample data does not represent pure random sampling and hence includes sample collection error. We suggest that additional review is necessary to investigate the effectiveness of AVI collected sample data as link representative data. We also develop statistical model by applying two estimation techniques namely point estimation and interval estimation for calculating optimal aggregation interval. We have implemented our model and determine that point estimate is preferable over interval estimate for exactly selecting and deciding optimal aggregation interval. Our final conclusion is that 5-minute aggregation interval is optimal to estimate travel time in RTMS, as is currently being used our investigation is based on AVI data collected from Yang-ji to Yong-in $42^{nd}$ National road.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.590-596
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• 2016

Objective : Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic disease that can affect the cervical spine, especially the atlantoaxial region. The present study evaluated the risk factors for atlantoaxial subluxation (AAS) development and progression in patients who have undergone surgical treatment. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed the data of 62 patients with RA and surgically treated AAS between 2002 and 2015. Additionally, we identified 62 patients as controls using propensity score matching of sex and age among 12667 RA patients from a rheumatology registry between 2007 and 2015. We extracted patient data, including sex, age at diagnosis, age at surgery, disease duration, radiographic hand joint changes, and history of methotrexate use, and laboratory data, including presence of rheumatoid factor and the C-reactive protein (CRP) level. Results : The mean patient age at diagnosis was 38.0 years. The mean time interval between RA diagnosis and AAS surgery was $13.6{\pm}7.0$ years. The risk factors for surgically treated AAS development were the serum CRP level (p=0.005) and radiographic hand joint erosion (p=0.009). The risk factors for AAS progression were a short time interval between RA diagnosis and radiographic hand joint erosion (p<0.001) and young age at RA diagnosis (p=0.04). Conclusion : The CRP level at RA diagnosis and a short time interval between RA diagnosis and radiographic hand joint erosion might be risk factors for surgically treated AAS development in RA patients. Additionally, a short time interval between RA diagnosis and radiographic hand joint erosion and young age at RA diagnosis might be risk factors for AAS progression.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.50-55
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• 2010

Gait initiation is a transitional process from the balanced upright standing to the beginning of steady-state walking. Dysbalanced gait initiation often causes stroke patients to fall. The net center of pressure, measured by two triaxial force plates from twenty healthy subjects and two stroke patients, was investigated to assess asymmetry of gait initiation in hemiparetic subjects. The time interval and distance of the net center of pressure(CoP) moved from the initiation point to the toe off(S1) and from the toe off to the initial contact(S2) were calculated during gait initiation of normal and stroke patients. When the patient with right hemiplegia(A) initiated his gait with right foot, the time interval and the distance of the net CoP in S1 and S2 were smaller than that of normal subjects' values. However, he initiated the gait with left foot(unaffected side) the time interval and the distance of net CoP in S1 were larger than normative values. Differently, the patient with left hemiplegia(B) has shown that larger time interval and distance in S1 and smaller time interval and distance in S2 in both sides. His asymmetry(with which side the gait initiated) was not significant. It is too early to conclude that these results could be general characteristics of the stroke patients because the variations were large and moreover, the level of motor recovery of the patients was different. However, it is expected that these trials could help to set up the strategy of the therapy for the rehabilitation or prevention of fall in stroke patients.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the kinematic variables and electromyography (EMG) findings that change with varying characteristics of crouch start and feedback provision, and to provide the fundamental data for record improvement in 400 mH. Method: Four short-distance runners participated in the experiment. The analyzed variables were elapsed time per interval, stride length, and muscle activities in three lower limb muscles. These variables were analyzed by using Kwon3d XP and Noraxon Myoresearch. The participants were subjected to three conditions, including two conditions that relate to the thrusting foot on the rear block and another condition pertinent to feedback provision. Results: In terms of a one-step interval, the elapsed time in condition A was longer than that in condition B, and the one after the feedback was the longest. The stride length of a one-step interval was the longest in condition A. The stride length of a two-step interval was the shortest in condition A. The muscle activity during a one-step interval showed differences in vastus medialis and medial gastrocnemius, with condition A being the highest. Conclusion: When the non-dominant left foot was located at the back, negative results were observed in terms of elapsed time and stride length. Moreover, an imbalance in muscle activity was observed between the left and right feet when the left foot was placed at the back. As a result, significant differences in elapsed time, stride length, and muscle activity were observed depending on the foot placed on the rear block. In conclusion, we identified the characteristics of crouch start in 400 mH, and a specialized program must be suggested.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2021

Purpose: Open extremity fractures require prompt antibiotic medication and initial debridement surgery to reduce the infection rate and restore functional stabilization. We aimed to report the effects and positive outcomes of a trauma team approach on the management of open extremity fractures in polytrauma patients. Methods: This retrospective review included all polytrauma patients with open extremity fractures admitted between March 2009 and December 2019. Patients were divided into two groups according to whether they were treated before or after the implementation of the trauma team approach (March 2014). We analyzed the outcomes in each group with respect to the time interval until the doctor's arrival, total length of stay in the emergency department, the time interval until initial antibiotic treatment and operation, whether the initial operation was performed within 24 hours, and the rate of deep infections. Results: A total of 123 patients met the inclusion criteria. There were no statistically significant differences in demographic characteristics. The time interval until the doctor's arrival (64.12±49.2 minutes vs. 19.82±15.23 minutes; p=0.035) and initial antibiotic treatment (115.47±72.12 minutes vs. 48.78±30.12 minutes; p=0.023) significantly improved after implementing the trauma team approach. The union rate was not significantly different. However, the time interval until initial debridement, opportunity for initial debridement within 24 hours, and the rate of deep infections demonstrated better results. Conclusions: The reduced time interval until initial antibiotic treatment and debridement could be attributed to the positive effect of the trauma team approach on the management of open extremity fractures in polytrauma patients.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.23 no.3 s.81
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• pp.109-123
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• 2005

The goals of this paper are two folds: i) to evaluate whether the data collected by a license plate matching AVI equipment being operated on some segment of a national highway are suitable or not for use in travel time estimation of interrupted traffic flows; ii) to study the statistical methodologies to be used for the determination of the optimal aggregation interval for travel time estimation. In this study it was found that the AVI data are not representative because the data are collected on some selected lanes of a roadway where main traffic is thru-traffic and, thus the AVI data are different from those collected from all lanes in traffic characteristics. For the determination of the optimal aggregation interval for travel time estimation. two statistical methods. namely point estimation and interval estimation. were tested. The test shows that the point estimation method is more sensitive and gives more desirable results in determing the optimal aggregation interval than the interval estimation method. And it turned out that the optimal aggregation interval on interrupted traffic flows has been calculated as 5 minute and thus the existing aggregation interval. 5 minute is proper.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.55-76
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• 2000

We propose a general solution methodology for identifying the optimal aggregation interval sizes as a function of the traffic dynamics and frequency of observations for four cases : i) link travel time estimation, ii) corridor/route travel time estimation, iii) link travel time forecasting. and iv) corridor/route travel time forecasting. We first develop statistical models which define Mean Square Error (MSE) for four different cases and interpret the models from a traffic flow perspective. The emphasis is on i) the tradeoff between the Precision and bias, 2) the difference between estimation and forecasting, and 3) the implication of the correlation between links on the corridor/route travel time estimation and forecasting, We then demonstrate the Proposed models to the real-world travel time data from Houston, Texas which were collected as Part of the Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) system of the Houston Transtar system. The best aggregation interval sizes for the link travel time estimation and forecasting were different and the function of the traffic dynamics. For the best aggregation interval sizes for the corridor/route travel time estimation and forecasting, the covariance between links had an important effect.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.128-134
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• 2016

The ambulance service time interval, in particular the response time, has been used as an important indicator for the quality control of ambulance services in that it can be improved to increase the probability of survival and decrease the sequela-related disability. Based on the 2011~2014 Prehospital Care Reports in a metropolitan city, this study analyzed the time interval of ambulance services considering the patient's characteristics and chief complaints. If the definition of the time of ambulance services can be refined further, and a variety of economic and social factors and local characteristics would can be analyzed, the quality of the ambulance service is expected to be enhanced significantly.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.87 no.4
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• pp.363-373
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• 2023

Since the first family of structure-dependent methods can simultaneously integrate unconditional stability and explicit formulation in addition to second order accuracy, it is very computationally efficient for solving inertial problems except for adopting auto time-stepping techniques due to no nonlinear iterations. However, an unusual stability property is first found herein since its unconditional stability interval is drastically different for zero and nonzero damping. In fact, instability might occur for solving a damped stiffness hardening system while an accurate result can be obtained for the corresponding undamped stiffness hardening system. A technique of using a stability factor is applied to overcome this difficulty. It can be applied to magnify an unconditional stability interval. After introducing this stability factor, the formulation of this family of structure-dependent methods is changed accordingly and thus its numerical properties must be re-evaluated. In summary, a large stability factor can result in a large unconditional stability interval but also lead to a large relative period error. As a consequence, a stability factor must be appropriately chosen to have a desired unconditional stability interval in addition to an acceptable period distortion.