• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.109-117
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• 2014

PURPOSES : This study analyzes the available working time at work-zone on the Expressway in accordance to the new capacity manual. METHODS : Sensitivity analysis on variables were conducted to calculate the adjusted capacity at work-zone based on previous researches. RESULTS : The main factors which affect available working time at the work-zone were its capacity, number of lanes, terrain and lane width. Other factors have minimal effect on the available working time. Based on the analysis, a calendar of lane closures was suggested. CONCLUSIONS : A series of studies concluded that the capacity at work-zone in the new capacity manual reduced to 76-82% of the existing manual. As such, the available working time decreased. Furthermore, the factors affecting the available working time needs to be considered when making a plan to rehabilitate the distressed pavement.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.72-77
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• 1993

Available Safe Egress Time(ASET) is the time available for occupants to evacuate safely In compartment fire, and It depends on the time of fire detection and hazardous conditions. The purpose of thls study Is to provide an analytical basis and experimental data for estimating the fire growth in compartments and the available safe egress time, and to compare the experimental data with those proposed equations. As a result, hazard order Is poison to CO, descent of smoke layer, poison to $CO_2$, burn to hot smoke layer, and lack of $O_2$, ASET is lengthened in this order. Also, The more fire load is increased, the more ASET is shorted.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전력기술부문A
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• 제54권11호
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• pp.533-539
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• 2005

According to NERC definition, Available Transfer Capability (ATC) is a measure of the transfer capability remaining in the physical transmission network for the future commercial activity. To calculate Available Transfer Capability, accurate and defensible Total Transfer Capability, Capacity Benefit Margin and Transmission Reliability Margin should be calculated in advance. This paper proposes a method to quantify time varying Available Transfer Capability based on probabilistic approach. The uncertainties of power system and market are considered as complex random variables. Total Transfer Capability is determined by optimization technique such as SQP(Sequential Quadratic Programming). Transmission Reliability Margin with the desired probabilistic margin is calculated based on Probabilistic Load Flow analysis, and Capacity Benefit Margin is evaluated using LOLE of the system. Suggested Available Transfer Capability quantification method is verified using IEEE RTS with 72 bus. The proposed method shows efficiency and flexibility for the quantification of Available Transfer Capability.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제12권11호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2014

오늘날 각종 재난발생 유형이 다양해지고 다기능화 된 도시 구조로 예측 불허의 재난 발생이 우려되고 있다. 또한 지구 온난화 등으로 재난이 한번 발생했다 하면 대형화되고 있고, 재난 수습을 위하여 가용한 자원을 최대한 동원하여야 하며, 재난현장이 실시간대 언론 등 미디어를 통해 생중계되는 상황이기에 재난현장 지휘자는 그 모든 요소를 고려하여 재난현장을 지휘해야 한다. 그러나 재난현장 지휘에 영향을 미치는 요소는 그 중요성에도 불구하고, 여기에 관련된 사전 연구가 거의 없는 실정이다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 국방 분야에서 전투현장 지휘에 적용되고 있는 요소인 METT-TC(Mission, Enemy, Troops, Terrain and weather, Time available, and Civilian considerations)를 기반으로, 일반 재난현장을 효과적으로 지휘하는데 영향을 미치는 요소로 MORT-TEC(Mission, Object, Resources available, Terrain and weather, Time available, Exercise, and Civilian considerations)를 제안한다. 이러한 요소를 세월호 구조 상황에 적용해 봄으로써, 향후 연구 및 재난현장의 지휘자들에게 도움이 될 수 있는 정책적인 의미를 제시한다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.117-127
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• 2017

평소에 잘 훈련된 요원도 재난현장에 도착하면 일순간 공황에 빠져서 상황평가를 잘못하여 단순한 사고가 대형재난으로 발전하기도 한다. 특히 오늘날 재난발생 시 현장지휘관은 국민의 알권리와 언론의 집중적인 관심으로 인하여 재난현장이 실시간대에 미디어를 통하여 생중계되는 관계로 비전문적인 재난현장 관계관들은 설 땅이 없게 되었다. 따라서 재난현장 관계관들이 전문성있고 필수 고려사항을 누락함 없이 재난현장 상황평가를 실시할 수 있는 역량은 그 어느 때보다 요구된다. 그러나 재난현장 상황평가 고려요소는 그 필요성에도 불구하고, 관련 연구가 미흡한 실정이다. 이런 점을 감안하여 본 논문은 군사 분야에서 전투현장 상황평가 시 활용하고 있는 METT-TC(Mission, Enemy, Troops, Terrain and weather, Time available, and Civilian considerations)를 준용하여, 일반 재난현장에서 효과적인 상황평가 고려요소로 MORT-TAC(Mission, Object, Resources available, Terrain and weather, Time available, Ability, and Civilian considerations)를 제안하기 위함이다. 또한 MORT-TAC 각 요소별 세부 하위요소를 델파이 조사기법을 활용하여 재난현장 상황평가 표준모델을 제시하였는데 재난관계관들의 많은 활용을 기대해 본다.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2018

Phosphorous remains as one of the most limiting nutrients to plant growth, second only to nitrogen. Research on use of biochar as a soil amendment for available phosphorus in temperate calcareous soils has limited studies compared with to tropical acidic soils. An incubation experiment to assess phosphorous availability in a biochar amended calcareous soil under inorganic (Fused superphosphate, FSP) and organic fertilizer (bone meal, BM) and respectively, at the dose of 40, 80 and $120mg\;P\;kg^{-1}$ was carried out. Soil was incubated at $25^{\circ}C$ for 70 days. Results show that the rate of increase in available P was proportional to the fertilizer application rate with or without biochar amendment. Biochar did not have a significant effect on soils amended with either fertilizeron the values of available P. However, time had a significant effect (p<0.001) on the amount of available P during the incubation period. Inorganic fertilizer treatments had recorded high amount of available P with time compared to organic fertilizer treatments. Organic fertilizer treatment sample were significantly not different from control and for most of the incubation time biochar acted as a soil conditioner. Further research is required to understand the holistic and long-term effect of biochar.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제7권10호
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• pp.47-51
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• 1984

In many forecasting problem, there is little or no useful historical information available at the time the initial forecast is required, The propose of this paper is study on Bayesian Method in forecasting. I : Introduction. II : Bayesian estimation. III : Constant Model. IV : General time series Models. V : Conclusion. The Bayesian procedure are then used to revise parameter estimates when time series information is available, in this paper we give a general description of the bayesian approach and demonstrate the methodology with several specific cases.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제7권
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• pp.39-43
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• 1966

This experiment was carried out to determine how the water soluble, the available phosphoric acid and the urea-N would change as time went by, when mixtures of calcium superphosphate and urea were made. Two kinds of materials, i. e., calcium superphosphate and urea were engaged in this experiment. Two kinds of mixed fertilizer, i. e., A and B were made up by mixing these materials to satisfy the following ratio. 1) Urea 1+ calcium superphosphate 1${\cdots}\;{\cdots}$A 2) Urea 1+ calcium superphosphate 2${\cdots}\;{\cdots}$B A and B pIaced placed in desiccators respectively a six-month period. During the time of storage, the water soluble, the available $P_2O_5$ and the urea-N were measured once a month, seven times with the control measurement. The results may be summarized as follows. 1. The urea-N in both A and B showed no change by the passage of time. This fact suggested that the mixing of calcium superphosphate with urea was not unfavourable. 2. A and B showed no diminishing in the water soluble and the available $P_2O_5$ in the process of time. This fact indicated that the combination of calcium superphosphate with urea was not unfeasible.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2003

In this paper, LAC(Look-ahead AGV Controller) has been developed for efficient routing of parts in semiconductor and LCD production systems. Several procedures have been developed as sub-modules. LACP(Look-ahead AGV Control Procedure) which controls AGVs using the information on the current and future status of the systems is the main element of the LAC. To support LACP, DSP(Destination Selection Procedure) which determines a destination of a part and AGV call time, SSP(Source Selection Procedure)which selects a part coming next to a buffer when the buffer becomes available. and RTM(Response Time Model) which estimates empty travel time of AGVs and waiting time for an available AGV have been developed. A simulation experiment shows that LAC reduces part's flow time, AGV utilization, average and maximum inventory level of a central buffer, empty travel time of an AGV, and waiting time for an available AGV.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전력기술부문A
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.296-301
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• 2004

The Available Transfer Capability (ATC) is defined as the measure of the transfer capability remaining in the physical transmission network for further commercial activity above already committed uses. Available Transfer Capability (ATC) calculation is a complicated task, which involves the determination I of total transfer capability (TTC), transmission reliability margin (TRM) and capability benefit margin (CBM). As the electrical power industry is restructured and the electrical power exchange is updated per hour, it is important to accurately and rapidly quantify the available transfer capability (ATC) of the transmission system. In ATC calculation,. the existing CPF method is accurate but it has long calculation time. On the contrary, the method using PTDF is fast but it has relatively a considerable error. This paper proposed QFA method, which can reduce calculation time comparing with CPF method and has few errors in ATC calculation. It proved that the method can calculate ATC more fast and accurately in case study using IEEE 24 bus RTS.