• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.197-203
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• 2020

Mesenchymal stem cells in the dental pulp exhibit a tendency for differentiation into various dental lineages and hold great potential as a major conduit for regenerative treatment in dentistry. Although they can be readily isolated from teeth, the exact characteristics of these stem cells have not been fully understood so far. When compared to two-dimensional (2D) cultures, three-dimensional (3D) cultures have the advantage of enriching the stem cell population. Hence, 3D-organoid culture and 3D-sphere culture were applied to dental pulp cells in the current study. Although the establishment of the organoid culture proved unsuccessful, the 3D-sphere culture readily initiated the stable generation of cell aggregates, which continued to grow and could be passaged to the second round. Interestingly, a significant increase in SOX2 expression was detected in the 3D-spheroid culture compared to the 2D culture. These results indicate the enrichment of the stemness-high population in the 3D-sphere culture. Thus, 3D-sphere culture may act as a link between the conventional and 3D-organoid cultures and aid in understanding the characteristics of dental pulp stem cells.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.1068-1074
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• 2018

In this paper, we consider the delay partial differential equation of three dimensions with constant coefficients. We established the alternating direction difference scheme by the standard finite difference method, gave the order of convergence of the format and the expression of the difference scheme truncation errors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.746-762
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• 2016

This study considers expression techniques and aesthetic values in the images of head dress reflected in a natural motif. The conclusions of the study are as follows. The first type is the realistic expression (52.4%) such as the reproduction of a natural object's essential form (27.0%), the partial derivation of the natural object (19.3%), and the planarization for the actual image of the natural object (6.1%). The second type is a metaphorical expression (39.0%) which emphasizes the morphological characteristics of nature (18.2%), the structuration of the natural object's silhouette into a three-dimensional or two-dimensional form (11.5%), and the abstract expression of the form in the natural object (9.3%). The third type is a hybrid expression (8.6%) that is a compromise between practical (or metaphorical expressions) so that expression techniques represent a compromise between the natural object's essential form and abstract expression (4.6%) or the combination of the natural object's silhouette into a three-dimensional or a two-dimensional visualization (4.0%). Aesthetic head dress values reflected in the natural motif first indicate a primitive value. This state of natural instinct recreates the natural object or combines part of the biological elements of the natural object to create an inducement to escape from the practical world. The second is amusement in the expression of animals in dynamic and humorous forms creates an illusion of animals being alive with a representative playful enjoyment. The third is abstraction that grant freedom in the observer's aesthetic rational through a reinterpretation of the fashion designer. The fourth is eclecticism where a compromise represents an act of mixing a variety of independent factors to create harmony with the imagery of nature created through the grafting of diverse expression techniques that break away from stereotypes of existing natural objects to create a type of nature that cultivates new values.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.127-137
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• 2019

Nail art, which has been popularized recently, has increased convenience in the direction of nail art design harmonized with clothing and the increased interest and usage of nail art decoration. This study set out to propose practical planar and three-dimensional nail art designs in harmony with modern clothes by applying trimmings common in 18th century women's clothing, which used a variety of attachable decorations. As for the methodology, the investigator examined theories in previous studies, literature, and analyzed the types of trimming in female portraits from the 18th century at the museum at the Palace of Versailles in France. Planar and three-dimensional nail art designs were created for each of the top three trimming types- braids, laces, and ribbons, which were identified through analysis. The study applied the trimmings of the 18th century women's clothes to nail art design and had the following results: First, the top three trimming types were identified based on the analysis of the 18th century portraits. They were then used as motifs in the production of planar and three-dimensional nail art designs. The results show that the motifs of the clothes trimmings were fit for and had practical possibilities for expression in nail art designs. Secondly, diversity and the expansion of ideas in the study of nail art design were promoted. In addition, elements were increased to have mutually complementary effects with clothes. Finally, the study made various attempts at nail design methods by adopting a range of nail art expression techniques including hand painting, 2D & 3D art techniques, and using planar and three-dimensional nail decorations, thus proposing a positive direction for the organization of a curriculum to make use of 18th century women's clothing motifs in nail art education.

• International journal of thyroidology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.160-166
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• 2018

Background and objectives: Salivary hypofunction is one of the common side effects after radioiodine therapy, and its pathophysiology is salivary ductal stenosis resulting from ductal cell injury. This study aimed to develop the functional culture environment of human parotid gland ductal cells in in vitro three-dimensional perfusion culture system. Materials and Methods: We compared plastic dish culture method and three-dimensional culture system containing Matrigel and nanofiber. Morphogenesis of reconstituted salivary structures was assessed by histomorphometry. Functional characteristics were assessed by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (aquaporin 5, CK7, CK18, connexin 43, and p21). In addition, we designed the media perfusion culture system and identified higher rate of cell proliferation and expression of connexin 43 in perfusion system comparing to dish. Results: Human parotid ductal cells were well proliferated with the ductal cell characters under environment with Matrigel. In the presence of Matrigel, aquaporin 5, CK18 and connexin 43 were more expressed than 2D dish and 3D nanofiber setting. In the media perfusion culture system, ductal cells in 3D culture media showed higher cells count and connexin 43 expression compared to 2D dish. Conclusion: This in vitro ductal cell perfusion culture system using Matrigel could be used to study for radioiodine induced sialadenitis model in vivo.

• Journal of the Regional Association of Architectural Institute of Korea
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.119-128
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• 2019

The aim of this study is to examine the characteristics of facade expression designed by Kim. Han-sup, a key architect in the regional modern architecture movement in Gwang-ju and Jeonnam from the 1950's to 1960's. The study begins with the architectural background and thoughts of Kim. Han-sup through literature reviews and introduces an interview with Han. chong-un, a former college student and employee of Kim, which explains the aesthetic architecture that appeared in his design of facades that was reasonably applied to materials, technology, structure and function in line with the economically tough period in Korea. Furthermore, in order to investigate the characteristics of his facade expression, detailed analysis items will be derived from precedent studies. This study will attempt to conclude with statements that his aesthetic architecture can be defined as an emphasis on formative mass by contrasting between basic rectangular forms, implementation with detailed three-dimensional facade by extruding differently vertical and horizontal structural lines and with the pursuit of decoration through compartmental faces on his 12 representative architectural works.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.9-16
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• 2007

This paper describe methodology that is distributed on 2-dimensional plane to much high-dimensional facial motion datas using Isomap algorithm, and user interface techniques to control facial expressions by selecting expressions while user navigates this space in real-time. Isomap algorithm is processed of three steps as follow; first define an adjacency expression of each expression data, and second, calculate manifold distance between each expressions and composing expression spaces. These facial spaces are created by calculating of the shortest distance(manifold distance) between two random expressions. We have taken a Floyd algorithm for it. Third, materialize multi-dimensional expression spaces using Multidimensional Scaling, and project two dimensions plane. The smallest adjacency distance to define adjacency expressions uses Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Users can control facial expressions of 3-dimensional avatar by using user interface while they navigates two dimension spaces by real-time.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.428-431
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• 2004

This paper proposes a new 3-D display without glasses using $Moir\acute{e}$ system. It is possible to create a new three-dimensional expression that is different from conventional 3-Dimages. In this study we have geometrically analyzed the process by which moire takes on a three-dimensional property and validated the results of this analysis.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.97-110
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to develop 3D pattern textile design of traditional Jogakbo motifs and fashion products using it. As a research method, first, through literature review, the three-dimensional representation of geometry on a plane with Jogakbo, design cases were examined. Second, through a survey, the purchase perception and design preference of Jogakbo cultural products was analyzed. Third, based on the results of the survey on color and print, the 3D pattern design for each type of Jogakbo is printed, and then textile fashion cultural products were developed. The results of this study are as follows. First, the reason why the public was not attracted to the purchase of cultural products was disatisfaction with practicality, unsuitable preference, price adequacy, aesthetics, and originality. Therefore, it was analyzed that quality, practicality, price, carry-on storage harmony and manageability, as well as aesthetic design were important factors for consumers. Second, the stereoscopic space on the plane expanded the two-dimensional plane space by forming a cube through the division and dissolution of geometry could be visualized using color expression of cubes of different brightness depending on the direction of light. Third, Jogakbo had eight types consisting of four detailed forms and three arrangement methods. The 3D pattern design could be developed through regular disolution and stereoscopic construction using Jogakbo's representative images for each type. In addition, it was found that it was easy to produce Jogakbo fashion products suitable for modern people through 3D pattern digital textile printing applying traditional colors.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.16 no.3 s.62
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• pp.21-29
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• 2007

The communication in a play has a dual structure, which is composed of the communications within a play and in a theatre space. This research focuses on the scene design that creates the background or the theme of a play and communicates theme of a play to the audience. A scene design of a theatre has meta-linguistic aspects, which is the image or mood as the theme of a play. The scene design is composed of various design elements of space and objects as the properties of a play. Design elements and the objects are the design languages in various form; plane, three-dimensional, multi-dimensional form. These design languages have the significant meanings as signs like human language. The play works chooses the rhetorical expression to arouse the audience's sympathy. The scene design is completed with rhetorical expression for communication in theatre too. This research defines the category of meanings that design elements of scene design can create and the rhetorical expression of the scene design language. King Lear directed by Robert G. Anderson was analyzed with the category of design elements as a sign and the pattern of the rhetorical expression. The scene design for a play is completed effectively by the rhetorical expression of design elements as the design language for the communication with the audience in theatre.