• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.801-817
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• 2011

The purpose of this research was to explore the levels of ethical consumption of the college students and classify their types on ethical consumption behaviors. This research was conducted with university students living in Gwangju. Statistical analysis was achieved by using t-test, one-way ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test, $X^2$, and Ward' hierarchical cluster analysis with a total of 761 questionnaires. The research results are summarized as follows: First, the overall ethical consumption average mark of college students was 3.14. Second, all surveyed college students were classified into five types based on the means scores of three dimension ethical consumption behaviors. A total 16.7% of students belonged to Type 1 (named as entire region active group) where students scored high points on three dimension ethical consumption behaviors. Type 2 (named as entire region average group) had about 41.6% of students whose scores were the average mark level in three dimension ethical consumption behaviors. Type 3 (named as future-oriented group) occupied 13.9% and this group scored low on the ethical consumption in commercial transaction but high on the ethical consumption for the future generation. Type 4 (named as commercial transaction oriented group) occupied 9.1% and this group scored low on the ethical consumption for contemporary humankind and the ethical consumption for the future generation but high on the ethical consumption in commercial transaction. Type 5 (named as entire region passive group) had 18.7% of students whose scores of three dimension ethical consumption behaviors were low.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.91-110
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• 1985

This paper presents a theoretical perspective that integrates elements of social.demographi.family environmental and psychological explanations of spousal conflict resolution techniques. In particular, the relationships between the childhood family violence and severe marital violence in the next generation and the lack of economix resources are examined as risk factors in violence behavior. Amodification of the Conflict Tactics scale is used to measure the incidence and 1-year period prevalence of three levels : reasoning, verbal agressioni, and violence. The data are drawn from area sampling of Taegu 673 women who were married of had been living with a male partner during the study period.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.7 no.4 s.17
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• pp.61-75
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• 1998

The Unite d'Habitation at Marseilles was an experimental project that Le Corbusier had been waiting for since 1920s in order to explore his ideals and visions in mass housing and city planning. As a leader of the first generation members in CIAM, Le Corbusier tried to give a new form and an order to the Unite d'Habitation at Marseilles in both building design and city planning level. The purpose of this research is to investigate the design characteristics of the Unite d'Habitation at Marseilles in three different levels of built environment with a particular emphasis on the process through which an original form is derived from its contextual settings. In the level of city planning, Le Corbusier aimed to reshape traditional low-rise urban housing by deploying several Unites spaciously. Le Corbusier believed that the spacious deployment of Unites would bring us both the functional economy in the city and the natural amenity in the suburbs. As Unite d'Habitation would be called frequently as vertical garden city, the influence of suburban garden city on Unite d'Habitation is apparent. In the building level, the binomial harmony of individual-collectivity was pursued by providing three different public floors and by combining 23 different family unit types in the Unite d'Habitation at Marseilles. In order to visualize the concept of object-type, family units were prefabricated and inserted into the structural frame of the Unite d'Habitation at Marseilles. Two family units are combined to make a three-story section with street corridor in the middle. This three-story section unit is very original as it has access corridor every third floor and each unit could have considerable depth with the help of the living space of two story height. In consideration of formal and plan similarity as well as contextual edivdence, it is concluded that the three-story section of the Unite d'Habitation is derived more from Narkomfin Apartments than from the monastery at Ema or Immuble Villas.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.31-46
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to analyze the contents of elderly housing in the unit "Family Life & Housing" in Technology & Home Economics 9th grade textbooks. The results of this study are as follows: First, the contents, illustrations, pictures, floor-plans, graphs and tables in current unit "Family Life & Housing" varied widely among textbooks and some didn't even contain these informations. Illustrations and pictures which are suit to the content and which contain positive image of space and living should be chosen. Second, most of the contents about elderly housing were concentrated on the life cycle, three-generation housing and universal design, discussed in chapter 'utility of living space.' The unification of overlapped contents and description which don't have stereotype about elderly housing are needed. Not only the interior environment but also the exterior environment of the elders and life-support service for them should be included in the contents. Contents that reflect the change of future population composition and the ratio of three-generation household are required. The elderly housing floor plan needs to be diversified in quantity such as ones which reflect the Korean characteristics or ones which enable person an independent life.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.176-182
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• 2020

In this paper, to analyze the meaning of middle-aged men's economic activities, TEXTOM was used to analyze them. The data collection period is set from 2017 to 2019. Among the collected data, 100 refined words were converted into a matrix in which the degree of social connection was calculated, and the keyword network analysis was performed again with the NetDraw program. According to the study, middle-aged men put more meaning on their current work and family than their future retirement. Also, the related word commonly included in the top five for all three years was 'work'. Related words commonly included in the top 10 were 'old age', 'family', and 'work', and in 2018 and 2019, 'health' was included in the top 10. As a result of this, the middle-aged men living in the modern age are the generation who keep their families through economic activities and are increasingly interested in health and prepare for retirement. Therefore, policy support for stable economic activities is needed to improve the quality of life for middle-aged men. It is necessary to extend the retirement age, expand jobs and provide effective vocational training so that it can handle its role as the head of a family. In addition, measures should be taken to reduce the wage gap between highly skilled and low-skilled workers.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 1999

Small apartment housings in Korea are dissatisfied due to the growing areas and changing lifestyle of the residents. Many of them currently confronted with slum areas and kinds of housing stock accumulated much more in Korean contexts. An extention of the existing small houses could be an adaptation model to the increasing requirement standards of the house residents. The new model could support diverse identification of the dwelling model in a settlement and many residents could be satisfied with the settlement. This paper deals with the unification typology of two dwelling units to one in order to remodel existing small apartment houses on the 15-pyung areas (N type) constructed by Korea National Housing Corporation in Naju. The proposed type of the merging of the dwellings remove concrete panel walls, make a path through balcony and attach a living areas to the front of the houses in order to make a circulation between the dwellings. A stair hall can be located in-between or inside the merged houses. It can also enhance privacy against conflictive activities in a house and possibly provide space appropriate for three-generation living. It can be devided for the multi-family use. Finally, the merging types of two dwelling units into one can be used as a device to get rid of the monotonous characteristics and gain diversity in the declining stock housing.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.37
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• pp.33-61
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• 2009

In the late Koryo period, until 14th century, there had been at least two groups of Manchurians who were conferred citizenships; one group was living as an original inhabitant in the coastal area of north­eastern part of Korean peninsular, long time ago, and they were over one thousand households. The other was coming down from inland, eastern part of Yoha River, to the area of Tuman River to settle down and they were at least around one hundred and sixty households, including such tribes as Al-tha-ry, Ol-lyang-hap, Ol-jok-hap and others. They were treated courteously, from the early days of Choson dynasty, with governmental policies in an economic, political, and social ways. They were given, for instance, a house, a land, household furniture, and clothes. They were allowed to get marry with a native Korean to settle down. They were educated how to cultivate their lands. It was also possible for them to be given an official position politically or allowed to take a National Civil Official Examination. The fact they could take such an Examination, in particular, means they were treated fairly and equally, because they also had a privilege to improve their social positions through the formal system as much as common people. Two typical families were scrutinized, in this paper, family Chong-hae Lee and family Chon-ju Ju. All of them were successful to settle down with different backgrounds each other. The former were from a headman, Lee Jee-ran, who controlled his tribe, over five hundred households. He was given three titles of a meritorious retainer at the founding of Chosun dynasty, at the retrieval of armies, and an enshrined retainer. His son, Lee Wha-yong, was also given a vassal of merit who kept a close tie successfully with the king's family through a marriage. Upon the foundation of their ancestors, their grandsons, family Lee Hyo-yang and family Lee Hyo-gang, each, had taken solid root as an aristocratic Yang-ban class. The former became a high officer family, generation by generation, while the latter changed into a civil official family through Civil Official Examinations. They lived mainly around Seoul, Kyong-gi Province and some lived in their original places, Ham-kyong Province. Chu-man, the first ancestor, was given a meritorious retainer at the founding of the dynasty and Chu-in was also given a high officer position from the government. They kept living at the original place, Ham-heung, Ham-kyong Province, and then became an outstanding local family there. They began to pass the Civil Official Examinations. After 17th century on the passers were 17 in Civil Official Examinations and 40 were passed in lower civil examinations. The positions in government they attained usually were remonstrance which position was prohibited particularly to North­Western people at that time. The Chosun dynasty was open to Machurians widely through the system of envoy, convoy, and naturalization. It was intended to build up an enclosure policy through a friendly diplomatic relation with them against any possible invasion from outside. This is one reason why they were supported fully that much in a various way.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.439-454
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• 1996

The present study investigated Bul-Chun-Wi Sacrificial Ritual (sacrificial service which has been handed down from generation to generation to worship the family ancestors in the period of $1400{\sim}1800$) and foods for the sacrificial service among fourteen head families in Andong area. The findings are as follows; 1. In Bul-Chun-Wi Sacrificial Rituals, family shrine has been maintained in good shape, and the table, dishes, and foods used in the rituals have not been changed so much until these days. 2. While vegetable soup is widely used as soup, one family uses the seaweed soup, the other soup mixed with meat, fish, and vegetable. Specially soybean-powdered soup, which is the distinguishable food in Andong area, has been used. 3. As a basic Ddock, mainly Si-Ru-Ddock(a steamed rice cake), piled up to 13-15 stacks, is used. Additional 7-9 kinds of Ddock are placed on top of the basic Ddock. 4. For grilled-meat food(Geuck), eight families use the raw meat, and one family uses the half-cooked meat. Recently, five families have used the cooked meat. Mostly used ones are meat-Geuck, fish-Geuck, chicken-Geuck, and the Geuck are not served one by one. Instead the Geuck are stacked in one dish designed for Geuck in order of meats from poultry, animal, fish, and shell. As the sub-dishes for rice, raw and cooked Geuck are used. 5. The number of stew (Tang) are 3 to 6 and 5 stews is the most popular. Commonly used stews are meat stew, fish stew, chicken stew, vegetable stew, blood stew, and organs stew. For the vegetable stew, buckwheat gel can be used. 6. As the fruit, chinese date, pear, nut and dried persimmons are the basic ones. The even number of 6 or 8 colorful fruits are used, while the odd number of 7 or 9 colorful fruits are used in three head families. 7. As Sik-Hae which is a drink and made from fermented rice, rice Sik-Hae or fish Sik-Hae has been necessarily used. 8. As raw meat dish, the liver of cow or meat is used. As a wrapping materials, the reticulum of a ruminant, green seaweed or thinly fried egg can be used.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.85-97
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• 2018

For a further understanding of the Chinese consumer, this study investigated 1) the effects of aesthetic consciousness on make-up attitude, and 2) the differences in the effect of aesthetics consciousness on make-up attitude among age groups. An online survey was conducted on female consumers belonging to the post-80s and 90s generations, living in Xian China. SPSS 24.0 and Amos 18.0 was used for data analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis for the research variables were performed and three factors of aesthetic consciousness (social relations consideration, internal consideration, and external consideration), and four factors of make-up attitude (psychological pleasure, self-satisfaction, consciousness of others, and tool of transformation) were identified. The results from the model test were : 1) aesthetics consciousness was found to vary depending on make-up attitude. Social relations consideration had a positive effects on psychological pleasure, self-satisfaction, and tool of transformation. Internal consideration had a positive effect on self-satisfaction and tool of transformation, and a negative effect on psychological pleasure. External consideration had positive effects on all four factors of make-up attitude. 2) In the post-80s participants, social relations consideration and external consideration had positive effects on all four factors of make-up attitude. Internal consideration s had a negative effect on consciousness of others and a positive effect on tool of transformation. In the post-90s participants, social relations consideration had positive effects on psychological pleasure, self-satisfaction, and tool of transformation. Internal consideration had positive effects on psychological pleasure and self-satisfaction.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.39-53
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• 2021

Purpose: This study examined the dietary behavior, health status and nutrient intake by considering the level of household income of elderly people using data obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES VII) 2018. Methods: The study subjects were 1,355 elderly people over 65 years old (558 men, 797 women). Based on their household income, participants were classified into three groups: low-income, middle-income, and high-income. The variables consisted of general characteristics, dietary behavior, health status, health related behavior, and dietary intakes. Dietary data were estimated by the 24-hour dietary recall. Results: In men, the low-income group encompassed older, less educated, less employed, and living with family of first generation. However, in women, there were no differences in employment by the level of income, and women living alone had lower income than subjects living with family. Elderly men in the high-income group had a significantly higher level of nutrient intake (energy, protein, fat, phosphorous, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C). Men in the low-income group consumed a significantly lower intake of fruits, seaweeds and eggs, including total food. Women in the low-income group had significantly less intake of protein, fat, calcium, phosphorous, iron, vitamin A, riboflavin, and niacin whereas women in the high-income group had significantly higher intake of sugar & sweet, eggs, and beverages, including total food. Conclusion: These results suggest that the level of household income is an important factor that influences food and nutrient intake in the Korean elderly. The socioeconomic status needs to be considered differently among elderly men and women when implementing food assistant programs and designing nutrition education programs.