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Comparison of the health and nutritional status of Korean elderly considering the household income level, using the 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

가구소득수준에 따른 남녀 노인의 건강 및 영양섭취 실태 비교: 2018년 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여

  • Khil, Jin Mo (Department of Food and Nutrition, Honam University)
  • Received : 2021.01.04
  • Accepted : 2021.02.03
  • Published : 2021.02.28

Abstract

Purpose: This study examined the dietary behavior, health status and nutrient intake by considering the level of household income of elderly people using data obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES VII) 2018. Methods: The study subjects were 1,355 elderly people over 65 years old (558 men, 797 women). Based on their household income, participants were classified into three groups: low-income, middle-income, and high-income. The variables consisted of general characteristics, dietary behavior, health status, health related behavior, and dietary intakes. Dietary data were estimated by the 24-hour dietary recall. Results: In men, the low-income group encompassed older, less educated, less employed, and living with family of first generation. However, in women, there were no differences in employment by the level of income, and women living alone had lower income than subjects living with family. Elderly men in the high-income group had a significantly higher level of nutrient intake (energy, protein, fat, phosphorous, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C). Men in the low-income group consumed a significantly lower intake of fruits, seaweeds and eggs, including total food. Women in the low-income group had significantly less intake of protein, fat, calcium, phosphorous, iron, vitamin A, riboflavin, and niacin whereas women in the high-income group had significantly higher intake of sugar & sweet, eggs, and beverages, including total food. Conclusion: These results suggest that the level of household income is an important factor that influences food and nutrient intake in the Korean elderly. The socioeconomic status needs to be considered differently among elderly men and women when implementing food assistant programs and designing nutrition education programs.

본 연구에서는 제7기 (2018년) 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 65세 이상 노인의 가구소득수준에 따른 식생활, 건강생활특성 및 영양섭취실태를 비교 분석하였다. 본 연구의 주요 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 연구 대상자 수는 전체 1,355명이었으며, 남자 노인 41.5% (558명), 여자 노인 58.5% (797명)로 소득수준별로 저소득군 48.3%, 중소득군 40.9%, 고소득군이 10.5%로 나타났다. 연령, 거주지역, 교육수준, 가구 유형에서 남녀 노인 모두 소득수준별로 유의적인 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났으며 경제활동여부는 남자 노인에서만 소득수준의 차이가 있었다. 식생활 실태에서는 남녀 노인 모두 소득수준이 높을수록 외식 횟수가 많았으며 점심, 저녁 식사의 동반자가 있는 비율이 높게 나타났다. 소득수준과 주관적 건강상태를 살펴보면 남자 노인의 경우 소득이 높을수록 건강이 좋다고 느끼는 비율이 유의하게 높았으며, 저작 불편 여부에서도 소득이 낮을수록 불편을 느끼는 노인의 비율이 높았다. 비만, 당뇨병, 고콜레스테롤혈증 및 고중성지방혈증 유병률은 노인의 가구소득수준별로 차이가 없었으며 여자 노인의 경우 고소득군보다 저소득군에서 고혈압 유병률이 높게 나타났다. 영양소 섭취량은 남녀 모두 소득이 높아질수록 에너지섭취량이 증가하였으며 탄수화물의 섭취량은 남녀 모두 소득수준별로 차이가 없었다. 그러나, 단백질과 지질의 섭취량은 소득수준별 차이가 유의하게 나타나 남녀 노인 모두 소득수준이 높을수록 단백질, 지질 섭취량이 증가하였다. 남자 노인의 경우 인, 칼륨, 리보플라빈, 니아신, 비타민 C의 섭취량이 유의하게 차이를 보여 소득수준이 높을수록 섭취량이 많은 것으로 나타났다. 여자 노인은 칼슘, 인, 철, 비타민 A, 리보플라빈, 니아신의 섭취량에서 소득수준별 유의한 차이가 나타났으며 리보플라빈의 경우 남녀 노인 모두에서 소득수준별로 매우 유의한 차이를 보였다. 남녀 노인의 총 식품섭취량은 소득이 높아질수록 비례해서 섭취량도 많아지는 것으로 나타났다. 남자 노인의 경우 과일류 (p < 0.001), 해조류 (p < 0.05), 계란류 (p < 0.05)에서 유의적인 차이를 보이며 소득이 높아질수록 많이 섭취하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 여자 노인의 경우에는 당류 (p < 0.001), 계란류 (p < 0.001), 음료류 (p < 0.001)에서 유의적인 차이가 나타났으며 소득이 높아질수록 섭취량이 증가하는 것으로 파악되었다. 전체적으로 우리나라 남녀 노인의 소득수준에 따른 영양 및 식품섭취량에 차이가 있으며 소득수준이 높을수록 에너지섭취량, 특히 단백질과 지질 섭취량이 많았고 미량영양소에서도 남자와 여자노인에 따라 섭취량에 차이가 있었다. 따라서, 남녀 노인의 소득수준에 따른 사회경제적 요인과 가구 유형, 사회환경 등이 식생활 및 영양섭취에 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다. 향후 노인 대상 영양지원 또는 교육 프로그램 설계 시 노인의 성별, 소득수준별로 세분화된 내용구성이 필요하며, 건강한 식생활과 생활습관으로 변화시킬 수 있는 다양하고 체계적인 영양교육 및 영양지원 프로그램이 설계되어 제공되어야 하겠다.

Keywords

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