• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• 제36권2호
• /
• pp.489-502
• /
• 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the third molar and periodontal status of the adjacent second molar. Fifty patients who had four maxillary and mandibular second molars were consecutively selected for the study subjects. The subjects provided a total of 200 molars, i. e., 100 maxillary and 100 mandibular molars, and classified the groups as follows; third molars that are normally erupted are control group, that are impacted are test 1 group, that are simply extracted are test 2 group, that are surgically extracted are test 3 group. Probing depth, plaque index, gingival index and mobility were measured. The results were as follows. 1. In mesial probing depth, there was no significantly difference. In distal probing depth, there was a significantly difference between control group and test 1 & 3 group in maxilla and between control & test 2 group and test 1& 3 group in mandible(p<0.05). 2. In buccal probing depth, there was a significantly difference between test 2 group and test 3 group in mandible. In lingual probing depth, there was a significantly difference between control group and test 1 & 3 group in mandible(p<0.05). 3. In plaque index, there was a significantly difference between test 1 group and test 2 group in maxilla, between test 1 group and control & test 2 group in mandible(p<0.05). 4. In gingival index, there was a significantly difference between control group and test 1 & 3 group in mandible. In mobility, there was no significantly difference(p<0.05). As a result of this study, the second molars adjacent to the third molars that are impacted or surgically extracted had poor prognosis, so impacted third molars should be extracted in early time and the second molars are actively treated for periodontal health.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.49-57
• /
• 2006

Mandibular fractures have higher incidence rate compared to facial bone fractures because of relatively prominent form. Specially, mandibular angle fractures were known as common fracture site because of morphological anatomic structure. The mandibular third molar appears to be the most frequent impacted tooth. The mandibular third molar have influence on mandibular angle fractures according to it's eruption state. Also, the mandibular angle fracture including the third molar may influence on post operative infection whether the third molar is in impacted or extracted state when reduction of fracture site is operated. The presence or absence and degree of impaction of the mandibular third molar were assessed for each patient and were related to the occurrence of the mandibular angle fracture. The extraction or non extraction of the mandibular third molar were related to the occurrence of the post operative infection in the reduction of mandibular angle fractures. In the presence of mandibular third molar, the possibility of mandibular angle fractures were relatively common. When viewing the mandibular third molar at occlusal plane, the possibility of mandibular angle fractures were high in the class C group. The possibility of mandibular angle fractures were high in the mesial angulation and partial impaction. There was a statistically significant difference(P<0.05). In complete erupted mandibular third molar, the possibility of post operative infection occurs quite often, but there was no statistical significant difference(P>0.05). In the extracted or non extracted of mandibular third molar, the post operative infection showed no statistical significant difference(P>0.05). With the results mentioned above, mandibular third molar was significantly more susceptible to mandibular angle fracture. In the reduction of mandibular angle fracture, it was recommended that mandibular third molar should be extracted especially in case of pericoronitis, periodontitis and other infections.

• 대한치과보철학회지
• /
• 제39권5호
• /
• pp.477-491
• /
• 2001

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the shade changes(${\Delta}E^*$) about $In-Ceram^{(R)}$, $IPS-Empress^{(R)}$, $OPC^{(R)}$ by using of the spectrophotometer arising from inital status and before and after cementation of the resin cement mounted on the metal core. We used a couple of statistics such as 'One- Way ANOVA' and 'Multiple Range Test.' We could be able to verify significantly what is being discussed here up to 95%. The results drawn from our research are as follows : 1. At the time of our experiments regarding the initial shapes of all-ceramic and mounting status of all-ceramic on the metal crown(${\Delta}E^*1$), and a comparison of mounting of all ceramic on the metal crown with all-ceramic cemented on the metal core(${\Delta}E^*2$), at the time of shade change of initial shapes and after we cemented on the metal core. (1) no significant difference among all-ceramics was found. (2) no particular difference was found regarding the $In-Ceram^{(R)}$. (3) a significant difference between the ${\Delta}E^*1$ and ${\Delta}E^*2$ regarding the $IPS-Empress^{(R)}$ was found(P<0.05). (4) a significant difference between the ${\Delta}E^*1$ and ${\Delta}E^*2$ regarding the $OPC^{(R)}$ was found(P<0.05). 2. When we compared the shade changes(${\Delta}E^*$) resulted from before and after the cementation on each of the parts involved of some all-ceramic, we could be able to find shade change increase form incisal third, middle third. and cervical third in that order in $In-Ceram^{(R)}$(spinell), IPS $Empress^{(R)}$, and $OPC^{(R)}$ all. In addition. we could be able to find a significant difference between cervical third and incisal third, middle third. (P<0.05) From what we have just seen, we might conclude that there is a significant shade change difference before and after the cementation with respect to $IPS-Empress^{(R)}$ and $OPC^{(R)}$. In addition, we could also be able to find more shade change difference at the cervical third rather than incisal third and middle third depending on the parts involved.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
• /
• 제36권1_2호
• /
• pp.135-154
• /
• 2018

In this paper, an almost second order overlapping Schwarz method for singularly perturbed third order convection-diffusion type problem is constructed. The method splits the original domain into two overlapping subdomains. A hybrid difference scheme is proposed in which on the boundary layer region we use the combination of classical finite difference scheme and central finite difference scheme on a uniform mesh while on the non-layer region we use the midpoint difference scheme on a uniform mesh. It is shown that the numerical approximations which converge in the maximum norm to the exact solution. We proved that, when appropriate subdomains are used, the method produces convergence of second order. Furthermore, it is shown that, two iterations are sufficient to achieve the expected accuracy. Numerical examples are presented to support the theoretical results. The main advantages of this method used with the proposed scheme are it reduce iteration counts very much and easily identifies in which iteration the Schwarz iterate terminates.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.53-62
• /
• 1985

This study was undertaken to obtain the data for age determination following the calcification degree of the third molar in the point of forensic odontology. The orthopantomograms of 1399 male and 2517 female ranging from 7 to 22 years of age were studied. The developmental state of the third molar was divided into 12 stages following the calcification degree and the mean ages of stage was obtained and statistically analyzed. The results were as follows : 1. There was remarkable correlation between the development of the third molar and age. 2. There was no significant developmental difference between the right and left third molar. 3. The development of the third molar presents difference between the male and female in the crown formation stages, but it was retarded in female than male in the root formation stages. 4. At the age under 20 years, we can determine the age within the range of * 2 years by means of orthopantomogram.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전력기술부문A
• /
• 제50권6호
• /
• pp.275-278
• /
• 2001

This paper presents an algorithm for detecting current transformer (CT) saturation. At the instants of beginning (or end) of saturation, as a magnetizing inductance of the core is changed significantly, the shapes of the secondary current are also changed significantly though secondary currents are continuous the instants. At the instants, the second-order of third-order difference of the secondary current has big values. Thus, the third difference of the current is used to detect the beginning/end of CT saturation in this paper. If the magnitude of third-order difference of the secondary current is larger than a threshold value, the CT begins of ends saturation at the instants. The proposed detection method is unaffected by the amount of residual flux. The results of various tests with residual flux from -80% to +80% indicate satisfactory performance of the method.

• 대한예방한의학회지
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.135-145
• /
• 2004

This study tried to analyze influencing factors on self-perceived health status(SPHS) of labors in workplace. and suggested the preventive oriental medicine approaches in occupational health care. 914 data for research were collected through the process of oriental health examination with questionnaire in workplace and collected data were analyzed with frequency, homogeneity and correlation statistically. The results were as follows : 1) The distributions of SPHS was 58.4% of healthy group. 41.6% of unhealthy group. 2) For the difference of SPHS by stress, the high level stress group was more included in healthy group(p<0.05). 3. For the difference of SPHS by health behavior. the higher score of health behavior group was more included in healthy group. There was statistically significant difference of SPHS in physical exercise, but not in smoking, drinking, sleeping and body mass index. 4. For the difference of SPHS by the latest health examination results, non-disease group was more included in healthy group, while disease group was more included in unhealthy group. From the above results, SPHS was influenced by stress, health behavior, the latest health examination results. Therefore oriental medical service for occupational health must be interested in the these influencing factors and make an effort to change their perception of health as well as physical improvement.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.133-140
• /
• 1985

Aboveground net productions of four stands in the coastal salt marsh of Incheon were estimated with three different methods: first method was to measure peak live standing crop; second to measure both live and dead standing crops; thrid to measure live and dead standing crops and dead disappearance as well. Net productions estimated by the first method were lowest with a difference of 28~50% from those by the third method. Whereas estimates by the second method approximated considerably to those by the third method with a difference of 4~15%. The third method figured out the highest values and seemed to be most appropriate in estimating net production of herbaceous community. Form these results it is known that live standing crop, dead standing crop and dead disappearance respectively accounted for about 60, 30, 10% of net production estimated by the third method. Annual net productions estimated by the third method for Suaeda japonica-Salicornia herbacea, Artemisia scoparia-Limonium tetragonum, Calamagrostis epigeios, and Sonchus brachyotus-Setaria viridis stand were 650, 1, 080, 1, 409 and 1, 126 g.$m^{-2}.yr^{-1}$, respectively.

• 대한가정학회지
• /
• 제34권3호
• /
• pp.271-282
• /
• 1996

Different aspects of morality, namely, moral belief, moral judgement and moral behavior have been studied seperately. This study examined the development of these three aspects of morality in relation to internal attribution in one sample. A total of 371, third -and sixth- grade children from Masan city were responded to questionnaires on moral belief, moral judgement, and attibutional tendency. In addition, children's moral behavior was measured by the teachers' 5-item rating scale. As results, there were signigicant but low correlations among three components of morality. There were developmental differences in moral belief and moral judgement but there was no age difference in moral behavior. Compared to third graders, sixth graders were higher in moral judgement but lower in moral belief. Social experience as well as cognitive development on moral relativity could explain this paradoxical developmental trend in moral belief. There was a sex difference only on moral behavior : Girls were rated higher in moral behavior than boys. Internal attribution was significantly correlated with all three aspects of morality, .15 with moral belief, .45 with moral judgement, .14 with moral behavior, respectively. There was a significant developmental difference but no sex difference in attributional tendency: Sixth graders reported higher internal attribution than third graders. However, there was no developmental difference in correlations among internal attribution and three aspects of morality. Most importantly, internal attribution explained morality better than either age -or sex- variable. It was suggested that educational programs on morality need to focus on the internalization of it.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전력기술부문A
• /
• 제52권12호
• /
• pp.691-697
• /
• 2003

This paper proposes a current differential relay for transformer protection that operates in accordance with a blocking method based on the difference-function of a differential current. For magnetic inrush and over-excitation, discontinuities in the first-difference function of the differential current arise at the points of inflection, which correspond to the start and end of each saturation period of the core. These discontinuities are converted into the pulses in the second- and third-difference functions of the differential current. The magnitudes of the pulses are large enough to detect saturation of the core. A blocking signal is issued if the magnitude of the third-difference function exceeds the threshold and is maintained for three quarters of a cycle. The performance of the relay is assessed under various conditions with magnetic inrush, internal faults and external faults. The proposed blocking method can improve significantly the operating time of a relay and achieve high sensitivity of a relay.