• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.523-534
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• 2015

Twenty four Holstein steers (average body weight $714{\pm}13.60kg$) were used in this experiment to determine the effect of supplementing of microbial culture and coated vitamin-C on growth performances and carcass characteristics in finishing Holstein steers. Holstein steers were randomly assigned to feeding groups of control group (Con, 12 kg of basal diet/head/day), microbial culture group (MC, 12 kg of basal diet + 30 g of microbial culture/head/day) and coated vitamin-C group (CVC, 12 kg of basal diet + 10 g of coated vitamin-C/head/day). MC and CVC groups were higher in ADG compared to control (P<0.05). FCR was also lower in MC and CVC groups than control group (P<0.05). Back fat thickness, rib-eye area, marbling score, meat color and yield index were not changed by supplementing microbial culture and coated vitamin-C. MC group was higher for maturity compared to control and CVC group (P<0.05). CVC group was higher for fat color compared to control and MC group (P<0.05). Based on the results obtained from the current study, supplementation of microbial culture and coated vitamin-C as an alternative to antibiotic might increase growth performances and enhance carcass characteristics in finishing Holstein steers. However, more studies are needed to find out the optimum supplementing period of microbial culture or coated vitamin-C for high quality meat production from Holstein steers.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.742-748
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• 2005

Transparent conductive indium-tin oxide (ITO) films are widely used as transparent electrodes for flat panel displays. Many of the ITO films for practical use have been prepared by magnetron sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, electron beam evaporation, etc. An oxide target composed of 10 wt% $SnO_2$ and 90 wt% $In_2O_3$ has been deposited onto polycyclic olefin polymer (POP) substrate by electron beam evaporation. POP has a higher glass transition temperature ($Tg=330^{\circ}C$) than other conventional polymers. In this study, the effects of substrate temperature and the $O_2$ introduction flow rate were investigated in terms of physical, electrical and optical properties of deposited ITO films. We investigated the effects of processing variables such as substrate temperature and the oxygen introduction flow rate. The best electrical and optical properties of deposited ITO films obtained from this study were electrical resistivity value of ${\rho}=1.78{\times}10^{-3}{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$ and optical transmittance of about 85% at 8 sccm (Standard Cubic Centimeter per Minute) $O_2$ introduction flow rate, $5{\AA}/sec$ deposition rate, $1000{\AA}$ deposited ITO thickness and $200^{\circ}C$ substrate temperature.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.3-9
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• 2005

Purpose: In oral tongue cancer, the degree of tumor invasion has a significant effect on the prognosis. We hypothesized that the destruction of extracelluar matrix and neovascularization are related to tumor infiltration mechanism. By studying the the tissues of early stage oral tongue cancer patients, we are intend to clarify the invasion related factors in oral tongue cancer. Material and Methods: To demonstrate the invasion process in early T-stage oral tongue cancer, the expressions of extracellular matrix destruction related molecules(MMP2, MMP9) and neovascularization related molecule(VEGF) were observed by immunohistochemical study. Also, immunohistochemical staining of CD31 was done for quantification of neovascularization. With the experiment showed above, we analyzed relationship between expression of each substances and tumor invasion depth, tumor free survival rates and cervical lymph node metastasis rate in early T-stage oral tongue cancer. Results: The expression rates of MMP2, MMP9, VEGF in 38 early oral cancer patients were 52.6%, 78.9% 52.6%, respectively. Significant correlation was found between the VEGF expression and microvessel density showed by CD31 immunohistochemical staining(p<0.001). VEGF expressions were significantly related with tumor invasion depth(p=0.002). The tumor free survival rate of those patients with VEGF-positive tumors was significantly poorer than in those with VEGF-negative tumors(p=0.019). Conclusion: This results indicate that VEGF is a useful marker for predicting the tumor invasion in patients with early tongue cancer and could be used as a beneficial factors in defining operative field and prognosis.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.206-215
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• 2010

A total of 582 gilts and barrows were analyzed to investigate the regressive relationships to slaughter weight (SW) of variables related to production efficiency and pork quality. Average initial weights and SW were 88.6 and 122.5 kg, respectively, for gilts and 88.7 and 121.4 kg, respectively, for barrows. Average daily gain and gain:feed ratio were not affected by SW. Backfat thickness, which was significantly greater (p<0.01) in barrows (23.3 mm) than in gilts (20.7 mm), increased with increasing SW (0.21 mm/kg; p<0.001). When the 4-notch carcass yield and quality grades were quantified according to an arbitrary 1 point-per-1 notch scale, the former, but not the latter, regressed on SW (-0.64/10 kg; p<0.01). The percent yield of the belly per total lean (overall mean=20.7%) increased with increasing SW (0.37%/10 kg; p<0.001), whereas in other cuts, the SW effect was negligible. The redness of the loin also increased with increasing SW (p<0.05), but other physicochemical characteristics were minimally influenced by SW. In sensory evaluation, effects of SW for fresh and cooked loin, ham, and belly were mostly considered insignificant in terms of quality, albeit statistically significant in several cases. However, positive regressions on SW (p<0.01) of the marbling and acceptability scores of fresh loin as well as the fat:lean ratio of fresh belly were noteworthy. Collectively, SW of approximately 125 kg was maximal for both sexes under the current carcass yield grading, in which 94 kg is the upper weight limit for grade A carcass. However, if the carcass weight limit of the grading was to be removed or broadened, the SW for gilts (but not that for barrows because of their excessive fat content at above 125-kg SW) could be increased to 135 kg or greater without compromising carcass quality.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.14
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• pp.61-65
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• 1996

This study was carried out to determine the effect of fruit-set position and number of fruit set per plant on yield and quality including netting in "Super VIP" melon cultivated in spring season. 1) In training system of one fruit per plant, index of netting was acceptable, regardless of the node position of fruit-set. The higher node order of fruit set was, the heavier, longer, bigger in diameter the fruit set was, and the thicker the flesh was. However, soluble suger content and storability was decreased with increased node order. 2) In training system of two fruit per plant, the higher the fruit-set position in node order was, the better the netting index, fruit quality including fruit weight, length, diameter, and thickness of flesh were, but there was no difference in storability. 3) Fruits produced by one-fruit-per-plant training were superior to those produced by two-fruit-per-plant training in maker quality including netting, sugar content, stcrability. The fruit set on 12th node in one-fruit-per-plant training were the best in market quality. 4) Yield was increased by two-fruit-per-plant training.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.302-307
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• 2016

The technology of multistage deep drawing has been widely applied in the metal forming industry, in order to reduce both the manufacturing cost and time. A battery can used for mobile phone production is a well-known example of multistage deep drawing. It is very difficult to manufacture a battery can, however, because of its large thickness to height aspect ratio. Furthermore, the production of the final parts may result in assembly failure due to springback after multistage deep drawing. In industry, empirical methods such as over bending, corner setting and ironing have been used to reduce springback. In this study, a bottoming approach using the finite element method is proposed as a practical and scientific method of reducing springback. Bottoming induces compression stress in the deformed blank at the final stroke of the punch and, thus, has the effect of reducing springback. Different cases of the bottoming process are studied using the finite element program, DYNAFORM, to determine the optimal die design. The results of the springback simulation after bottoming were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. In conclusion, the proposed bottoming method is expected to be widely used as a practical method of reducing springback in industry.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.98-105
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• 2015

We investigated the effects of a mutan (water-insoluble ${\alpha}$-glucans) isolated from Streptococcus mutans on the healing of bone defect in rat. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control (saline-treated), lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated, and mutan-treated groups (n=6 per group). Experimental bone defects were surgically created with round fissure bur at the buccal surface of the left mandibular. The control groups was administered with saline solution (0.1 ml/100 g), while the LPS and mutan group was given LPS and mutan (1 mg/kg body weight) three times weekly. After 4 weeks the rats were sacrificed, the healing of bone defect was assessed by bone mineral density (BMD) and micro-computed tomography (${\mu}CT$) examination. Percent bone volume (bone volume/tissue volume [BV/TV]), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), and trabecular number (Tb.N) parameters of ${\mu}CT$ showed higher values in control group than LPS and mutan group. Bone surface/volume ratio (BS/BV), trabecular bone pattern factor (Tb.Pf), and structure model index parameters of ${\mu}CT$ showed higher values in LPS group than mutan group. BMD values of mutan treated-alveolar bones were significantly lower for than that of the LPS group. Therefore, we suggest that mutan, water-insoluble ${\alpha}$-glucans from S. mutans may be induce the induction of periodontal diseases.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.1-17
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• 2002

The immobilization and consolidation of the model coatings based on the plastic pigment and latex binder of known particle sizes were theoretically Studied in terms of the dense random packing of binary spheres and varying extent of latex film shrinkage. The porosity of the model coatings was calculated based on three proposed latex shrinkage models: Maximum, Minimum, and Linearly Decreasing Latex Shrinkage. The increasing extent of latex shrinkage was calculated up to the critical pigment volume concentration(CPVC) as a function of plastic pigment volume fractions, and the maximum latex shrinkage was estimated from the CPVC. Also, the number of pores and the average equivalent spherical pore diameters were calculated based on those proposed models. The opacity and gloss of the model coatings on polyester films were measured and their porosity was also determined by a simple coat weight-thickness method. As expected, various coating structure-property-composition relationships, such as opacity, gloss, porosity, etc., were shown to exhibit sharp transitions near the CPVC. The CPVC values determined by the opacity, gloss, and porosity vs. PVC relationships, respectively, agreed very well with each other. Especially, the CPVC's determined by the opacity and porosity vs. PVC curves were identical. The comparison between the theoretically calculated and experimental porosity values showed that the intermediate value between the maximum and minimum latex shrinkage would best fit the experimental porosity data. The effect of plastic pigment particle size on the optical properties and porosity of model coatings was also studied and it was observed that the coating opacity and porosity increased with increasing plastic pigment particle size, but the gloss decreased. The ink gloss of the uncalendered model coatings applied onto commercial sheet offset coated papers was shown to be affected by both the coating gloss and porosity: the higher the coating gloss, the higher the ink gloss, but the higher the coating porosity, the lower the ink gloss. Their printability was also studied in terms of the number of passes-to-fail and the rate of ink setting as a function of both plastic pigment volume fractions and plastic pigment particle sizes. A minimum crack-free temperature(MCR) of latex-bound coatings was proposed to better predict the behaviors of latexes as coating binders. The wet state of model coating dispersions, the surfaces of consolidated model coatings, and their internal structure were examined by both electron and atomic force microscopy, and their micrographs were found to be consistent with our immobilization and consolidation models.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.493-500
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• 2007

In general, it accomplished a spectral reflectance analysis to be, the measurement results appear differently by targets, methods and condition. This paper presents a standard methodology for preprocessing mineral/rock samples and setting the distance from a target to the sensor, and then examines closely the spectral features for pyrophyllite. The size of mineral/rock samples is various according to the condition and scale of outcrop, so it is important to maintain the distance between the sensor and the sample. Before standardization for preprocessing samples and the sensor and sample distance, we prepare various rock samples (Quartz Porphyry) such as natural rock, pebble, powder and cutting rock. For a qualitative analysis to minimize the effect of surface condition of the sample and shadow, we maintains the distance from the sample to the sensor at 30cm and measures three times repeatedly for cutting the sample at $1{\sim}2cm$ thickness. To illustrate the proposed methodology, a case study for pyrophyllite was carried out. In this study, pyrophyllite showed an absorption pattern at wave length of 1.406nm, 1,868nm, 2.180nm and 2.309nm, and a higher grade represented strong absorption at 1.406nm and 2.180 nm. These absorption feature corresponds the band 7 of LANDSAT TM and band 8 of ASTER imageries. So, using these results, pyrophyllite deposits were extracted from other features (such as barren area, concrete area, bed of river, stone pit area etc.).

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.43-49
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• 2019

In this study, a new approach using graphene oxide (GO) powder-composited Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu(in wt.%) solder paste for improving the bending reliability of solder joints between a flexible substrate and small outline package (SOP) was suggested. The GO addition slightly affected the melting temperature, however, the change in the melting temperature was not significant. Meanwhile, we observed the addition of GO could suppress IMC growth and IMC thickness of solder joint during the reflow process. Moreover, the cyclic bending test was also performed for evaluation of reliability in solder joint and we could improve the cyclic bending reliability of solder joint by adding GO powders. For 0.2 wt.% of GO added to the solder joint, the bending lifetime was increased to 20% greater than that without GO. Pull strength and ductility of the solder joint with GO were also higher than those of the joint without GO and it was assumed that this effect by adding GO could contribute to improve cyclic bending reliability of solder joint.