• Advances in Computational Design
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.127-146
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• 2020

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is increasingly used throughout the facility's life cycle for various applications, such as design, construction, facility management, and maintenance. For existing buildings, the geometry of as-built BIM is often constructed using dense, three dimensional (3D) point clouds data obtained with laser scanners. Traditionally, as-built BIM systems do not contain the material and textural information of the buildings' elements. This paper presents a semi-automatic method for generation of material and texture rich as-built BIM. The method captures and integrates material and textural information of building elements into as-built BIM using thermal infrared sensing (TIS). The proposed method uses TIS to capture thermal images of the interior walls of an existing building. These images are then processed to extract the interior walls using a segmentation algorithm. The digital numbers in the resulted images are then transformed into radiance values that represent the emitted thermal infrared radiation. Machine learning techniques are then applied to build a correlation between the radiance values and the material type in each image. The radiance values were used to extract textural information from the images. The extracted textural and material information are then robustly integrated into the as-built BIM providing the data needed for the assessment of building conditions in general including energy efficiency, among others.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1691-1698
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• 2020

Objective: The study sought to estimate the relationship between body surface temperature (BST) and temperature humidity index (THI) and to present the validity of THI as a heat stress index in the field. Methods: Eight Hanwoo heifers (20 to 32 month) were examined in a field trial, with a space allowance of 10 ㎡ per head. The BST was measured using an infrared thermographic camera. The BST of five body regions (eyes, hindquarters, nose, part of horns, and ears), ambient temperature (AT), and relative humidity (RH) were measured 7 times daily (07, 09, 11, 13, 15, 17, and 19 h) during each season with three replicates. Results: The THI ranged 34.0 to 56.9 during spring (AT, -1.0℃ to 13.4℃), 75.1 to 84.7 during summer (AT, 24.9℃ to 33.6℃), 55.8 to 70.9 during autumn (AT, 13.0℃ to 26.0℃) and 17.5 to 39.2 during winter (AT, -10.4℃ to 1.0℃). In the regression analysis, the coefficient of determination (R²) between THI and BST was 0.88, 0.72, 0.83, 0.86, and 0.85 for the eyes, hindquarters, nose, part of horn, and ears area, respectively. This indicates that BST has a strong correlation with AT and RH. Expression equations were estimated as Y (THI) = 31.54+0.1085X (BST of eyes) and Y (THI) = 30.48+0.1147X (BST of hindquarters) by simple linear regression analysis in this experiment. Conclusion: Consequently, the upper bound for heat stress estimation can be specified ranging from THI of 65 (eyes) to 70 (hindquarters). From this we can expect a precise feeding system for Korean native cattle in the field.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.431-438
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• 2014

The study was carried out in order to verify the effects of piglets' weight at birth on their surface temperature change (ST) after birth, and its relationship with ingestion time of colostrum. Piglets from four different sows were weighed at birth and divided into a totally randomized design with three treatments according to birth weight (PBW): T1 - less than 1.00 kg, T2 - 1.00 to 1.39 kg, and T3 - higher than or equal to 1.40 kg. The time spent for the first colostrum ingestion was recorded (TFS). Images of piglets' surface by thermal imaging camera were recorded at birth (STB) and 15, 30, 45, 60, and 120 min after birth. The air temperature and relative humidity were recorded every 30 min and the indexes of temperature and humidity (THI) were calculated. A ST drop after 15 min from birth was observed, increasing again after sixty minutes. Positive correlations were found between the PBW and the ST at 30 and 45 min after birth. The PBW was negatively correlated with the TFS. The THI showed high negative correlations (-0.824 and -0.815) with STB and after 15 min from birth. The piglet's surface temperature at birth was positively correlated with temperature thereof to 15 min, influencing therefore the temperatures in the interval of 45 to 120 min. The birth weight contributes significantly to postnatal hypothermia and consequently to the time it takes for piglets ingest colostrum, requiring special attention to those of low birth weight.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.345-353
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• 2001

Thermography는 신체 체표면에서 발생되는 온도를 정량화하는 다양한 방법에 대한 일반적인 표현이다. Electrothermography는 의학분야에서 사용이 증가되고 있는 술식이다. 인체를 포함한 모든 물체는 적외선을 방출한다. 그래서, Wien의 법칙에 따르면, 방출되는 최대에너지에서의 주파수는 체온에 의존한다는 것을 알 수 있다. 따라서, 피부 표면에서 방출되는 적외선을 측정하는 것에 의해 온도가 측정될 수 있다. 최근에는, electrothermography가 만성 구강안면동통 환자의 진단에 있어서 새로운 진단 기기로서 각광을 받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 측두하악관절장애의 증상이 있는 교근, 측두근, 그리고 측두하악관절의 발통점의 피부 온도와 증상이 없는 대측의 피부 온도를 디지틀 적외선 체열 촬영으로 비교하고자 하였다. 측두하악관절장애를 주소로 하고 편측성의 구강안면동통을 호소하는 21명의 내원환자를 선택하였다. 디지틀적외선 체열촬영은 DTI-16-DOREX21(Dorex Inc., U.S.A) 기기를 사용하였다. 발통점 피부에 marker를 부착하고, 좌측과 우측의 color thermogram을 $0.1^{\circ}C$ 해상도로 측정하였다. 본 실험에서 측정한 발통점은 masseter inferior, masseter anterior, temporalis anterior 그리고 TMJ이었다. 증상이 있는 부위와 증상이 없는 대측의 피부온도 차이를 알아보기 위해 paired t-test를 사용하였으며, 실험 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 급성 근육장애 환자에 있어서는 증상이 있는 부위와 증상이 없는 대측과의 피부온도 차이가 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.0075). 2. 만성 근육장애 환자에 있어서는 증상이 있는 부위와 증상이 없는 대측과의 피부온도 차이가 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 볼 수 없었다. 3. 측두하악관절 내장증 환자에 있어서는 증상이 있는 부위와 증상이 없는 대측과의 피부온도 차이가 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 볼 수 없었다. 결론적으로 적외선 체열촬영은 급성저작근장애의 진단에 있어서 유용한 진단방법의 한가지로 사료되며, 앞으로 임상적으로 더욱더 심화된 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.609-615
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• 2002

A medical treatment of alternating current high-voltage electric field therapy is a method in which we get a healing effect, applying electric field to an organism through an artificial device. In order to estimate the clinical effects of alternating current high-voltage electric field load(HEALTHTRON) on the rehabilitation of stroke patients, improvement of a peripheral blood circulation, and psychogenic symptom, we used BEUNZEUNGHEYNG Instrument, NIHSS(the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale), FIM(Functional Independence Measure)lnstrument to research BEUNZEUNGHEYNG and recovery of rehabilitative funation. and also we used Thermography, Pulse Meter to measure body temperature and pulse, blood elements, and neuro modulators. We have reached the following conclusions after researching the clinical effects of alternating current high-voltage electric field therapy on the recovery of rehabilitative function and peripheral blood circulation. 1. HEALTHTRON efficiently has increased the volume of peripheral blood circulation in stroke patients. 2. HEALTHTRON rapidly has treated the symptoms of sleeplessness, alertness, and dizziness of stroke patients. 3. HEALTHTRON rapidly has improved rehabilitative function of stroke patients and the adjustment to their activities.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.406-412
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• 2003

FT-IR and thermography were used to investigate the infrared radiation characteristic of SiO$_2$ film and SiO$_2$/Fe$_2$O$_3$film coated on aluminum. Through FT-TR spectrum, SiO$_2$film showed high infrared absorption in accordance with the stretching vibration of Si-O-Si, and as$ Fe_2$$O_3$was mixed additional absorption band appeared resulting from the stretching vibration of Fe-O at $590cm^{-1}$ and the bond of Si-O-Fe at $900 cm^{-1}$ The two kinds of film measured by the integration method and the reflective method coincided with each other in the wavelength area of infrared absorption and radiation, and corresponded well with Kirchhoff's law as the infrared emissivity is high in wavelength where infrared absorption rate is high. The emissivity of $SiO_2$ film was 0.65 and that of $SiO_2$/Fe$_2$$O_3$film was 0.77, so the addition of$ Fe_2$$O_3$ raised the infrared emissivity by approximately 13%.$ SiO_2$$Fe_2$$O_3$ film is efficient as an infrared radiator at below $100^{\circ}C$. The temperature of heat radiation after 7 minutes was 117$^{\circ}C$ in aluminum plate and $155^{\circ}C$ in $SiO_2$$Fe_2$$O_3$ film, $38^{\circ}C$ higher than the former.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.146-150
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• 2009

Background: A skin temperature difference is one of the variables used in the diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome. However, there have been no reports as to whether the real (${\Delta}T$) or absolute value ($|{\Delta}T|$) of skin temperature differences should be used in the diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome. This study was conducted to compare the diagnostic validity of ${\Delta}T$ with $|{\Delta}T|$ for complex regional pain syndrome using receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC). Methods: Infrared thermographic images were obtained from the 144 patients who were suspected to have CRPS in a unilateral limb. After ${\Delta}T$ and $|{\Delta}T|$ calculation from the thermographic image, ROCs of ${\Delta}T$ and $|{\Delta}T|$ were developed, and the areas under the curve (AUC) for the ROC curves were compared. Results: AUCs of ${\Delta}T$ and $|{\Delta}T|$ were 0.520 and 0.746 respectively, this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Absolute skin temperature difference shows greater validity in the diagnosis of CRPS than ${\Delta}T$. Therefore, $|{\Delta}T|$ is more useful when comparing the skin temperature of CRPS patients.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.19-30
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• 2000

Object : This study is designed to evaluate effects of acupuncture and herb-medication by the data of DITI(Digital Infrared Thermographic Imaging) examination and the changes of clinical symptoms after the therapy of acupuncture and herb-medication in the patients with Bell's palsy. Contents : The conservative therapy with acupuncture and herb-medication was performed during 1-8weeks. The acupuncture points of S4, S6, G14, S2, BL2, SI18, TE23, LI4 and S36 was used. In the pre- and post therapy, DITI examinations were performed in patients who had Bell's palsy and were treated by acupuncture simultaneously, and then tried to correlate the results of clinical symptoms with the difference of thermographic findings at pre-and post acupuncture. Setting : The standard routine themographic examinations were performed with thermography (DITI) in the 16 patients with Bell's palsy at pre- and post acupuncture. patients : Thermographic imaging of 16cases was analyzed. They had diagnosed Bell's palsy. They were treated by acupuncture and moxibustion therapy in Wonkwang Oriental Hospital from Jauary, 1999 to February, 2000. Results : The results of treatment showes that 56.25% of patients achieved excellent recovery and 31.25% achieved good recovery. After compairing the DITI results before and after treatment, we found 43.75% of patients achieved excellent recovery and 43.75% achieved good recovery. Conclusion :Acupuncture showed good results over 87.5% in clinical evaluation and 87.5% in DITI. Thermographic examination showes terapeutic effect of acupuncture treatment.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.137-143
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• 1997

두개하악장애는 가장 흔히 발병하는 질병중의 하나이다. 이때 저작계에 흔히 호소하는 주소가 근육의 통증이다. 통증의 정도를 측정하는 방법으로 촉진이 가장 널리 사용되고 있으나 정량화하기 어렵다는 단점이 있다. 따라서 통증 측정기 등과 같이 다양한 시도가 진행되고 있다. 근육이나 관절의 병적 소견은 해당조직의 혈액순환장애나 염증반응과 종종 관련이 있다. 이러한 상태는 신체의 표면과 밀접한 관계가 있어 피부온도에 영향을 미치며, 따라서 thermography로 측정할 수 있다. 피부온도의 측정은 질병의 활성 상태를 평가하는 데 유익하며, 또한 치료결과를 평가하는 데에도 효과적이다. 객관적 피부온도 측정장치가 있다면 턱관절이나 저작근의 이상상태를 평가하는데 매우 도움이 될 것이다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 경제적이면 양측성으로 특정 부위의 피부온도를 측정할 수 있는 기기를 사용하여 검사자내 및 검사자간 신뢰도를 측정하고 좌우 온도차이를 확인함으로써 향후 질환 및 치료 겨오가에 대한 임상적 평가시 객관적 측정방법의 하나가 될 수 있는 지를 알고자 하는 데 있다. 구강내 염증이나 이상이 없으며 두개하악장애가 없는 치과대학생 15명을 대상으로 조사하였다. 평균연령은 24.9세, 범위는 24-30세이었다. 사용한 기기는 미국산 YSI Precision 4000이다. 18-2$0^{\circ}C$의 일정한 실내온도에서 두 검사자가 각각의 검사를 알지 못하는 상태에서 별도로 정해진 부위에 검사를 시행하고, 약 1주일후 이전 검사에 대한 기억이 없어진 상태에서 두 검사자중 한 검사자가 다시 동일한 검사를 시행하였다. 측정치들을 이용하여 상관관계를 계산하고 이에 대한 유의성을 검정하였다. 1. 검사자내 상관관계(r)는 좌 .798(p=<.0001), 우 .757(p=<.0001)이었다. 2. 두검사자간 상관관계(r)는 좌 .958(p=<.0001), 우 .951(p=<.0001)이었다. 3. 좌우 측정치간의 차이는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 4. 근육부위별 측정에서는 inferior masseter muscle의 검사자간에서만 유의한 상관관계가 없었을 뿐 anterior masseter muscle, anterior temporalis 모두 검사자내 및 간에 유의한 상관관계를 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 정상인에 있어 근육내 발통점의 피부온도는 검사자간에는 특정부위에 따라 다소 차이가 있을 수 있으나 일반적으로 높은 재현성을 보여줌으로서 향후 교근 및 측두근의 임상연구 평가에 피부온도조사는 도움이 되리라 사료된다.

• Carbon letters
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.18-22
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• 2004

The failure behaviours of unidirectional pultruded carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites were monitored by the electrical resistance measurement during tensile loading, three-point-bending, interlaminar shear loading. The tensile failure behaviour of carbon fiber tows was also investigated by the electrical resistance measurement. Infrared thermography non-destructive evaluation was performed in real time during tensile test of CFRP composites to validate the change of microdamage in the materials. Experiment results demonstrated that the CFRP composites and carbon fiber tows were damaged by different damage mechinsms during tensile loading, for the CFRP composites, mainly being in the forms of matrix damage and the debonding between matrix and fibers, while for the carbon fiber tows, mainly being in the forms of fiber fracture. The correlation between the infrared thermographs and the change in the electrical resistance could be regarded as an evidence of the damage mechanisms of the CFRP composites. During three-point-bending loading, the main damage forms were the simultaneity fracture of matrix and fibers firstly, then matrix cracking and the debonding between matrix and fiber were carried out. This results can be shown in Fig. 9(a) and (b). During interlaminar shear loading, the change in the electrical resistance was related to the damage degree of interlaminar structure. Electrical resistance measurement was more sensitive to the damage behaviour of the CFRP composites than the stress/time curve.