• 열처리공학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.2-9
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• 2004

This study has examined the metallurgical microstructures and alloy compositions of 3 bronze artifacts, a vessel, a spoon and a chopstick, manufactured in the Koryo Dynasty. The results show that they were made from Cu-Sn alloys whose Sn content ranges from 22 to 24% by weight. It is of significant importance to find that they were all given special thermo-mechanical treatments during their manufacturing. It has been found that the Koryo bronze workers were well aware of the mechanical properties of ${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$, ${\gamma}$ and ${\delta}$ phases that appear in the Cu-Sn alloys. Knowing how to promote or suppress the formation of each phase, they were able to find proper alloy compositions and temperatures for the high Sn alloys to be successfully forged. The present study will detail the Koryo bronze technology as estimated from the microstructures of the 3 bronze artifacts. The results of the reproduction experiments with Cu-24%Sn will also be presented to explain how the microstructures develop and to estimate the mechanical properties of each phase.

• Advances in materials Research
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.321-334
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• 2024

The paper is a study on the biothermoelastic analysis in viscoelastic biological tissues in the presence of thermal relaxation times. Using Laplace transforms and related methodologies, we explore how living tissue responds to an exponentially decaying pulse of heat flux at the boundary. The Laplace transformations are reversed using the numerical method. The Tzuo technique was used to measure the reversal. Temperature, displacement, and stress distributions are affected by single-phase and delay relaxation coefficients as well as volume rheological factors, are provided with numerical findings and graphically depicted. In addition, we carry out a parametric analysis to provide assistance in choosing the design variables that are the most successful, which finally results in an improvement in the accuracy of hyperthermia treatments.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.75-83
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of heat treatments on the martensite transformation and tensile deformation behavior in Ti-Ni-B alloys with various boron concentration. Three types of heat treatment are given to the specimens; i) solution treatment ii) aging iii) thermo-mechanical treatment. In solution treated specimens. R-phase transition which is related to abnormal increase of electrical resistance prior to martensitic transformation has been formed at a boron content of 0.2at % and the $M_s$ temperature has been decreased with the increasing of boron content. However. It has not been affected by aging, while that of thermo-mechanically treated specimens has been remarkably increased in the vicinity of recrystallization temperature. The thermo-mechanically treated specimen has showed a good thermal fatigue characteristics, shape memory effect and superelasticity in comparison with the solution treated specimen.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.381-387
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• 2014

The ${\beta}$-transus temperature in titanium alloys plays an important role in the design of thermo-mechanical treatments. It primarily depends on the chemical composition of the alloy and the relationship between them is non-linear and complex. Considering these relationships is difficult using mathematical equations. A feed-forward neural-network model with a back-propagation algorithm was developed to simulate the relationship between the ${\beta}$-transus temperature of titanium alloys, and the alloying elements. The input parameters to the model consisted of the nine alloying elements (i.e., Al, Cr, Fe, Mo, Sn, Si, V, Zr, and O), whereas the model output is the ${\beta}$-transus temperature. The model developed was then used to predict the ${\beta}$-transus temperature for different elemental combinations. Sensitivity analysis was performed on a trained neural-network model to study the effect of alloying elements on the ${\beta}$-transus temperature, keeping other elements constant. Very good performance of the model was achieved with previously unseen experimental data. Some explanation of the predicted results from the metallurgical point of view is given. The graphical-user-interface developed for the model should be very useful to researchers and in industry for designing the thermo-mechanical treatment of titanium alloys.

• Advanced Composite Materials
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.89-99
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• 2008

Using a Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA), mechanical properties like modulus and phase transition temperature of polyester composites of banana fibers (treated and untreated) are measured simultaneously. The shifting of phase transition temperature is observed in some treatments. The performance of the composite depends to a large extent on the adhesion between polymer matrix and the reinforcement. This is often achieved by surface modification of the matrix or the filler. Banana fiber was modified chemically to achieve improved interfacial interaction between the fiber and the polyester matrix. Various silanes and alkalies were used to modify the fiber surface. Chemical modification was found to have a profound effect on the fiber/matrix interaction, which is evident from the values of phase transition temperatures. Of the various chemical treatments, simple alkali treatment with 1% NaOH was found to be the most effective.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.243-249
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• 2011

This study describes the feasibility of producing high-strength Al alloy sheet with a high solute content using a combined technique of twin-roll strip casting and asymmetric rolling. The Al sheet produced in this study exhibited excellent formability ($\overline{r}$ =1.0, $\Delta$r=0.16) and mechanical properties ($\sigma_{TS}$~305 MPa, $\epsilon$~33%), that, cannot be feasibly obtained via the conventional technique based on ingot casting and rolling. The structural origin of the observed properties, especially enhanced formability, was clarified by examining the evolution of textures associated with strip casting and subsequent thermo-mechanical treatments. Our evaluation of the mechanical properties and formability leads us to conclude that the combination of strip casting and asymmetric rolling is a feasible process for enhancing the formability of Al alloy sheets to the level beyond what the conventional techniques can reach.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.421-430
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 청동유물에서 관찰되는 다양한 미세조직의 출현과정을 이해하기 위하여 현재 전통방식으로 방짜유기를 제작하는 한국민속촌 유기공방에서 실행되고 있는 제작방법과 담금질 조건을 조사하였으며, 여기에서 제작된 방짜유기의 미세조직과 조성을 살펴보았다. 또한 이 공방에서와 유사한 조건으로 재현실험을 수행하여 그 결과를 비교자료로 사용하였다. 전통 유기공방에서 수행하는 담금질 조건을 자세히 기술함과 동시에 작업 조건에서 나타나는 변동성을 미세조직의 관찰 결과와 함께 제시하였다. 유기공방의 화덕 온도는 $750{\sim}850^{\circ}C$로 측정되었으며 다음 단계의 작업을 위하여 화덕에서 막 꺼낸 청동소재의 표면온도는 대략 $650{\sim}685^{\circ}C$로 측정되었다. 이 같은 큰 폭의 온도 편차는 담금질 과정을 거쳐 생산된 방짜유기에 다양한 미세조직을 초래하였다. 특히 외부기온에 따른 온도편차가 큰 겨울과 비교적 영향이 적은 봄에 각각 제작된 방짜유기의 미세조직을 분석한 결과 ${\alpha}$상을 중심으로 그 배경에서 마르텐사이트(${\beta}$)상, ${\gamma}$상, ${\alpha}+{\delta}$ 공석조직 또는 이들의 혼합물로 이루어진 다양한 조직이 관찰되었다. 특히 실험실에서 재현한 시험편에서도 짧은 시간동안 가열할 경우 ${\alpha}+{\gamma}$상 또는 ${\alpha}+({\beta})+{\gamma}$상 등 다양한 미세조직이 형성되었다. 이처럼 미세조직에서 관찰되는 다양성은 유물에서도 확인되는 것으로 실제 유기공방에서 담금질시 적용하는 열처리 조건이 온도측정으로부터 예측되는 작업조건보다 훨씬 더 복잡하다는 점을 의미한다.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제50권7호
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• pp.503-509
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• 2012

We report on the feasibility of producing 6xxx series Al alloy sheets using a combination of twin-roll strip casting and asymmetric rolling. The Al alloy sheets produced in this study exhibited an excellent formability ($\bar{r}=1.2$, ${\Delta}r=0.17$) and mechanical properties (${\sigma}_{TS}{\sim}260MPa$, ${\varepsilon}>30%$), which cannot be feasibly obtained via the conventional technique based on ingot casting and conventional rolling. The enhanced formability as evaluated in terms of $\bar{r}$ and ${\Delta}r$ was clarified by examining the evolution of textures associated with strip casting and subsequent thermo-mechanical treatments. The evaluation of the formability leads us to conclude that the combined technique based on strip casting and asymmetric rolling is a feasible process for enhancing the formability of Al alloy sheets to a level beyond which the conventional technique can reach.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 1997년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.294-297
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• 1997

Two kinds of thermo-mechanical treatments(TMT) were applied to two AA3104 alloys. Tensile test, cupping and mesurement were conducted. Height and angular positions of earings in the drawn cups were explained by ODF on the contents of alloying elements. The tensile strengths measured in RD+45$^{\circ}$direction were generally lower than those measured in RD and TD directions. The textures of the experimental alloys were determined as shear texture {100}<011> and Cube texture {100}<001> by ODF's. Some optimum ratio of shear texture {100}<011> and Cube texture {100}<001> for reducing earings was found.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.403-410
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• 2012

한국의 전통 방짜유기 제작과정에서 수행되는 염수처리가 가공 도중 유기 표면에 생성되는 흑색 산화막 제거에 유용한 것으로 추정되고 있으나 그 효과에 대하여 체계적인 연구가 수행된 사례는 찾기 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 염수처리가 청동기 제작에 미치는 역할을 밝히기 위하여 제작재현 실험과 성분분석 실험을 실시하였다. 먼저 유기공방에서 다양한 방법으로 염수처리 실험을 수행하였으며 여기에서 얻어진 결과를 바탕으로 실험실에서 자체 제작한 구리합금을 대상으로 두드림, 염수농도, 합금비율 등의 조건을 달리하며 다양한 실험을 수행함으로써 염수처리가 초래하는 효과를 밝히고자 하였다. 실험결과 염수처리를 통하여 고온에서 발생하는 산화막이 용이하게 제거되는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이는 염수의 주성분인 염소(Cl)와 청동에 포함된 주석의 상호 작용에 기인하는 것으로 드러났으며 염수의 또 다른 성분인 나트륨(Na)은 산화막 제거에 별다른 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 판단되었다. 특히 한국의 전통 방짜유기 합금 조성인 주석함량 22%의 청동합금에서는 열간가공 수행 여부와 관계없이 염수처리를 통하여 산화막이 제거되었으며 이때 염수의 농도는 0.5% 이상이어야 효과를 볼 수 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 한편 납이 포함된 구리합금에서는 염수처리 효과가 나타나지 않았다. 이는 융점이 낮은 납이 녹으면서 시편 표면에 막을 형성함에 기인하는 것으로 추정된다.