• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.572-585
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• 1999

The characteristics of two-phase flow instability in a vertical boiling channel connecting with an unheated riser are investigated through the linear stability analysis model. Various two-phase flow models, including thermal non-equilibrium effects, are taken into account for establishing a physical model in the time domain. A classical approach to the frequency response method is adopted for the stability analysis by employing the D-partition method. The adequacy of the linear model is verified by evaluating experimental data at high quality conditions. It reveals that the flow-pattern-dependent drift velocity model enhances the prediction accuracy while the homogeneous equilibrium model shows the most conservative predictions. The characteristics of density wave oscillations under low-power and low-quality conditions are investigated by devising a simple model which accounts for the gravitational and frictional pressure losses along the channel. The necessary conditions for the occurrences of type-I instability and flow excursion are deduced from the one-dimensional D-partition analysis. The parametric effects of some design variables on low quality oscillations are also investigated.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.545-550
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• 2001

본 연구에서는 분사연소합성(SCS)을 위한 기초단계로서 용액연소합성에 대한 거동을 살펴보고자 알루미나 합성을 모델로 하였으며 이를 위해 전구체에 대한 열분해거동, 그리고 각 온도에서의 평형종 분압 계산 및 합성과정을 조사하였다. 각각의 열중량 분석(TGA) 결과 산화제와 환원제(연료)의 열분해 이력이 서로 다르게 나타났으며, 열역학 응용 프로그램인 ChemSag에 의한 평형종 분압의 계산에서 연소속도를 저하시킬 수 있는 $CO_2$와 수증기 가스 분압이 상당부분 존재하였다. 산화제/환원제 혼합물의 열분석(DTA/TG) 결과 산화제와 환원제의 열분해 거동의 차이, 그리고 매우 작은 시료의 양으로 인해 263$^{\circ}C$에서 발열피크가 매우 작게 나타났다. 열분석 시료에 비해 발열 에너지를 높이기 위해 산화제와 환원제 혼합 전구체를 비이커에서 증기압을 조절하며 가열시켜 본 결과 27$0^{\circ}C$에서 $\alpha$-Al$_2$O$_3$생성물을 얻을 수 있었다. 따라서 분사연소합성 반응을 통해 세라믹 원료를 합성하기 위해서는 연소과정 중 열분해 거동과 평형종의 분압을 고려하여야 한다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.642-649
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• 2016

Important safety parameters such as the fuel temperature coefficient (FTC) and the power coefficient of reactivity (PCR) of the CANada Deuterium Uranium (CANDU-6) reactor have been evaluated using the Monte Carlo method. For accurate analysis of the parameters, the Doppler broadening rejection correction scheme was implemented in the MCNPX code to account for the thermal motion of the heavy uranium-238 nucleus in the neutron-U scattering reactions. In this work, a standard fuel lattice has been modeled and the fuel is depleted using MCNPX. The FTC value is evaluated for several burnup points including the mid-burnup representing a near-equilibrium core. The Doppler effect has been evaluated using several cross-section libraries such as ENDF/B-VI.8, ENDF/B-VII.0, JEFF-3.1.1, and JENDL-4.0. The PCR value is also evaluated at mid-burnup conditions to characterize the safety features of an equilibrium CANDU-6 reactor. To improve the reliability of the Monte Carlo calculations, we considered a huge number of neutron histories in this work and the standard deviation of the k-infinity values is only 0.5-1 pcm.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.308-311
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• 2011

In order to obtain mono-dispersed Fe NPs with high saturation magnetization, quantitative analysis method to investigate the growth dynamics of the Fe NPs synthesized by a conventional thermal decomposition method has been developed. As a result, fast nucleation process promotes formation of ~4 nm of initial nucleus with a non-equilibrium phase, resulting in low saturation magnetization. And slow particle growth with atomic-scaled surface precipitation mode (< 100 atoms/($min{\cdot}nm^2$)) can form the growth layer on the surface of initial nucleus with high saturation magnetization (~190 emu/$g_{Fe}$) as an equilibrium a phase of Fe. Therefore, higher stabilization of small initial nucleus generated just after the injection of $Fe(CO)_5$ should be one of the key issues to achieve much higher $M_s$ of Fe NPs.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.628-631
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• 1997

The preparation and characterization of $Co(dmppz)_2(3,6-dbq)_2$ (dmppz=1,4-dimethylpiperazine; 3,6-dbq=3,6-di-tert-butyl-1,2-quinone) are established. Temperature-dependent magnetic moments (100-400 K), variable-temperature IR, and electronic spectra are presented to show that the title complex exhibits an equilibrium via a catechol to cobalt intramolecular electron transfer. At temperatures below 350 K, the charge distribution of the complex is $Co^Ⅲ(dmppz)_2(3,6-dbsq)(3,6-dbcat)$ (3,6-dbsq=3,6-di-tert-butyl-1,2-semiquinonato; 3,6-dbcat=3,6-di-tert-butylcatecholato) whereas at the temperature beyond 390 K, the complex is predominantly Co^Ⅱ(dmppz)_2(3,6-dbsq)_2$ form in the solid state. At the temperature range of 350-390 K a mixture of Co(Ⅲ) and Co(Ⅱ) redox isomers exist at equilibrium. The transition temperature (Tc) of Co(Ⅲ)/Co(Ⅱ) in solution is approximately 50° lower than that in the solid state. In particular, thermal analysis on solid sample of the complex discloses that the transition for the Co(Ⅲ)/Co(Ⅱ) is accompanied by the change in heat content of 12.30 kcal/mol.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.175-185
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• 2018

This research investigates the internal flow and heat transfer in a plate heat exchanger with chevron shape by utilizing the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The basic unit of the plate heat exchanger is generally composed of a hot channel, an intermediate chevron plate, and a cold channel. Several studies have reported experimental and numerical simulation of heat transfer and pressure drop. This study focused on the detailed numerical simulation of flow and heat transfer in the complicated chevron shape channel. The long chevron plate was designed to include 16 chevron patterns. For proper mesh resolution, the number of cells was determined after the grid sensitivity test. The working fluid is water, and its properties are defined as a function of temperature. The Reynolds number ranges from 900 to 9,000 in the simulation. A realizable $k-{\varepsilon}$ model and non-equilibrium wall function are properly considered for the turbulent flow. The friction factors and heat transfer coefficient are validated by comparing them with existing empirical correlations, and other patterned flow phenomena are also investigated.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.425.1-425.1
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• 2014

Thermal transport in nanomaterials is not only scientifically interesting but also technological important for various future electronic, bio, and energy device applications. Among the various computation approaches to investigate lattice thermal transport phenomena in nanoscale, the atomistic nonequilibrium Green's function approach based on first-principles density functional theory calculations appeared as a promising method given the continued miniaturization of devices and the difficulty of developing classical force constants for novel nanoscale interfaces. Among the nanometerials, carbon atomic chains, namely the cumulene (all-doulble bonds, ${\cdots}C=C=C=C{\cdots}$) and polyyne (alternation of single and triple bonds, ${\cdots}C{\equiv}C-C{\equiv}C{\cdots}$) can be considered as the extream cases of interconnction materials for nanodevices. After the discovery and realization of carbon atomic chains, their electronic transport properties have been widely studied. For the thermal transport properties, however, there have been few literatures for this simple linear chain system. In this work, we first report on the development of a non-equilibrium Green's function theory-based computational tool for atomistic thermal transport calculations of nanojunctions. Using the developed tool, we investigated phonon dispersion and transmission properties of polyethylene (${\cdots}CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2{\cdots}$) and polyene (${\cdots}CH-CH-CH-CH{\cdots}$) structures as well as the cumulene and polyyne. The resulting phonon dispersion from polyethylene and polyene showed agreement with previous results. Compared to the cumulene, the gap was found near the ${\Gamma}$ point of the phonon dispersion of polyyne as the prediction of Peierls distortion, and this feature was reflected in the phonon transmission of polyyne. We also investigated the range of interatomic force interactions with increase in the size of the simulation system to check the convergence criteria. Compared to polyethylene and polyene, polyyne and cumulene showed spatially long-ranged force interactions. This is reflected on the differences in phonon transport caused by the delicate differences in electronic structure.

• 한국자기학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.75-82
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• 2010

나노구조 교환결합 삼층박막의 열적안정성을 예측하기 위한 최근의 연구진전에 대하여 리뷰한다. 새로운 해석적/수치적 방법을 이용하여 나노구조 교환결합 삼층박막의 에너지 배리어, 나아가서 열적안정성을 예측한다. 이 방법의 특징은 수치적인 방법을 이용하여 얻은 magnetostatic 자기장을 포함하는 해석적인 전체 에너지 방정식을 이용함에 있다. 단자구라는 가정하에, 모든 magnetostatic 자기장은 자성층 전체 부피에 대해 그 값을 평균함으로써 유효 값을 취할 수 있다. 그러나, 평형상태에서는 자구의 구조가 복잡하며, 또한 불안정한 saddle point에서의 자구 구조를 알 수 있는 직접적인 방법이 없기 때문에, saddle point에서의 magnetostatic 자기장 역시 얻을 수 없다. 이러한 어려움은 micromagnetic simulation을 통해 얻을 수 있는 critical 자기장과 saddle point에서의 magnetostatic 자기장을 연결하는 방정식을 사용함으로써 극복되었다. 이 방법은 신뢰성이 확보된 micromagnetic simulation에 기반을 두고 있기 때문에 열적안정성을 정확하게 예측하는 것이 가능하다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.445-466
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• 2007

As the LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) tank contains cryogenic liquid, realistic thermal analyses are of a primary importance for a successful design. The structural details of the LNG tank are so complicated that some strategies are necessary to reasonably predict its temperature distribution. The proposed heat transfer model can consider the beneficial effects of insulation layers and a suspended deck on temperature distribution of the outer concrete tank against cryogenic conditions simply by the boundary conditions of the outer tank model. To this aim, the equilibrium condition or heat balance in a steady state is utilized in a various way, and some aspects of heat transfer via conduction, convection and radiation are implemented as necessary. Overall thermal analysis procedures for the LNG tank are revisited to examine some unjustifiable assumptions of conventional analyses. Concrete and insulation properties under cryogenic condition and a reasonable conversion procedure of the temperature-induced nonlinear stress into the section forces are discussed. Numerical examples are presented to verify the proposed schemes in predicting the actual temperature and stress distributions of the tank as affected by the cryogenic LNG for the cases of normal operation and leakage from the inner steel tank. It is expected that the proposed schemes enable a designer to readily detect the effects of insulation layers and a suspended deck and, therefore, can be employed as a useful and consistent tool to evaluate the thermal effect in a design stage of an LNG tank as well as in a detailed analysis.

• 광물과 암석
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.199-212
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• 2023

확산은 지구물질은 물론 운석과 같은 우주물질의 원소 및 동위원소 연구에서 매우 유용하게 활용될 수 있다. 고온의 태양계 성운에서 일어난 확산과 상대적으로 저온의 소행성에서 일어난 열수 변질 과정에서의 확산 양상은 다르기 때문에 광물에 기록된 원소 및 동위원소 확산에 대한 모델 수립은 초기 태양계 진화를 이해하는데 있어 특히 중요하다. 광물 입자 경계를 따라 일어나는 빠른 입계 확산은 닫힌계에서 구성 광물간 원소 또는 동위원소의 교환을 수치 모델화하는데 유용하며, 본 연구에서는 유한차분법을 이용하였다. 수립된 빠른 입계 확산 수치 모델은 1) CH 콘드라이트의 아메바 형태 감람석 집합체(amoeboid olivine aggregate; AOA)내 사장석의 마그네슘-26(²⁶Mg) 동위원소 조성 변화와 2) CO 콘드라이트의 콘드률, AOA, 기질 구성 광물간 Fe-Mg 상호 확산에 적용되었다. 빠른 입계 확산을 통해 광물 결정의 표면에서는 평형상태에 도달할 수 있다는 가정에 기반해서 평형상태 동위원소 질량 분배(equilibrium isotopic fractionation)와 평형상태 원소 분배(equilibrium partitioning)도 수치 모델에 포함하였다. 모델을 통해 닫힌계를 구성하는 구성 광물간 원소 또는 동위원소의 교환과 확산으로 실제 운석에서 관찰된 원소 및 동위원소 조성 분포를 설명할 수 있음을 보였다. 또한 암석을 구성하는 광물이 여러 종류일 경우에 폐쇄 온도는 확산이 가장 느린 광물종에 의해서만 결정되는 것이 아니라 전체 광물들의 함량비에도 크게 영향을 받는다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.