• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.150-171
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• 2013

The most important part of conservation treatment of murals is to preserve them against the risk of a damage by injecting fixative into them when the painting loses its cohesion or powderization of pigments occurred due to occurrence of cracks inside the painting layer. However, studies on the stability of fixative used for painting layers of murals are still insufficient. This study manufactured a mural as a specimen and colored it with four kinds of pigments including oyster shell white, cinnabar, malachite and red clay and applied four kinds of fixative, including, Paraloid $B-72^{(R)}$, Caparol-$binder^{(R)}$, glue and Hydoxypropyl $cellulose^{(R)}$. artificially generated environmental changes in temperature, humidity and ultraviolet rays which may occur after the completion of conservation treatment. Then the changes in physical properties were observed in multifaceted ways such as color stability, contact angle, brilliance, adhesive strength and surface. As a result, this study found that ultraviolet rays and hot?humid environment have a large impact on color stability causing changes in brightness and chroma of all painting layers where the fixative were applied, except for oyster shell white and are considered the main factors of decomposition by accelerating the aging process of fixatives applied. In comparison to the synthetic resins that were also tested in this study, the traditional glue showed satisfactory results in terms of color stability and influence preservation and the hydrophile property. As it showed exceptionally outstanding adhesive strength in all painting layers in the aspect of adhesive strength, it is considered to be highly stabile for the fixation treatment of painting layers of mural.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.85-91
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• 2022

In modern society, the field of life is expanding to complex and diverse fields according to changes in lifestyle. As people's consciousness also changes, various social problems are involved, and countermeasures are being taken in various ways. In particular, as the issue of school violence has become a subject of interest, government-related ministries have jointly set up a reporting center and professional counselors are receiving and consulting on damage reports. Counselors experience mental and physical exhaustion in the course of their work. Therefore, the need to contribute to effective counseling work is raised by studying the factors that cause burnout. This study collected the experiences of 10 counselors working at 117 reporting centers from February 2019 to May 2020 through interviews and analyzed them with Colaizzi's phenomenological research method. The exhaustion factors derived from the results of the study were first experiences such as conflict between counselors during the period of institutional integration in the "117 reporting center experience", and secondly, professional counselors experienced emotional exhaustion, inhumanization, and lack of achievement. In order to prevent and overcome the exhaustion factors of counseling agents, it was necessary to prepare measures to promote fraud. This is expected to be useful data for improving the working environment of special job counselors in the era of industrialization and informatization in which various anonymous counseling methods are used.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.124-133
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• 2000

This study evaluated the effects of chronic ethanol consumption and/or taurine supplementation on hepatic total, phospholipid fatty acid composition and the metabolism of rats fed one of three purified liquid diets for 8 weeks. the rats followed either the control diet (CD, ethanol-free and taurine-free diet); ethanol diet (ED, CD+ 50g ethanol/L) or ethanol-taurine diet (ETD, ED+3.75g taurne/L). Chronic ethanol consumption and/or dietary taurine supplementation were associated with altered hepatic total and phospholipid fatty acid composition. compared to the values for the control rats, ED or ETD significantly decreased the percentage of total monounsaturated fatty acids ($\Sigma$MUFA), and increased the percentage of total polyunsaturated fatty acids ($\Sigma$PUFA) of hepatic total lipids(p〈0.01). Percentages of 14:0(P〈0.01) and 16:0(p〈0.001) were sigificantly lower, and those of 18:0(p〈0.01), 20:0(p〈0.001), 20:3$\omega$6(p〈0.01) and 22:4$\omega$6(p〈0.01) in hepatic total fatty acid compositions were oserved in rats fed ETD versus those fed ED or ETD. No significant differences in hepatic total fatty acid compositions were observed in rats fed ETD versus those fed ED. Percentages of 24:0(p〈0.01), 16:1(p〈0.05), 20:1(p〈0.01), 18:2$\omega$6(p〈0.01) and 18:3$\omega$3(p〈0.05) in hepati phospholipids were significantly higher, and those of 14:0(p〈0.01), 16:0(p〈0.001), 20:3$\omega$3(p〈0.05) in hepatic phospholipids were significantly higher, and those of 14:0(p〈0.01), 16:0(p〈0.001), 20:3$\omega$3(p〈0.001), 22:6$\omega$3(p〈0.001) and $\Sigma$$\omega$3(P〈0.001) were significantly lower in rats fed ED or ETD compared to the values for the control rats. The Δ5 desaturation index(20:3$\omega$6⇒20:4$\omega$6) and elongation index (20:5$\omega$3⇒22:5$\omega$3) of hepatic phospholipid index (20:3$\omega$6⇒20:4$\omega$6) and decreased Δ4 desaturation index (22:5$\omega$3⇒22:6$\omega$3) compared to the values for the ED rats. These changes in hepatic fatty acid composition induced by chronic ethanol consumption and/or taurine supplementation might be associated with the modulations of physical properties of the hepatic cell membrane and its sensitivity to peroxidation damage.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2015

Seated Amitabha Triad at Muwisa Temple (Treasure No. 1312) had been known as wooden Buddha statue, but a precise safety inspection revealed that the statue is terracotta Buddha statue made with clay. The clay layer of Amitabha Triad was conserved due to its severe damage. In this study, experiments were conducted to produce the most appropriate filler for the conservation treatment of the seated Amitabha Triad. Mixed clay samples with various ratios were produced and surface hardening state, crack, color change, and shrinkage of the samples during dry process were measured. Loess, fine sand powder, and cotton were used to produce the mixed clay for the filler with six different ratios and then 12 different concentration glues made with glutinous rice glue, Pachymeniopsis Elliptica glue, and animal glue were added as adhesives. Total 72 types of samples were prepared and comparative study was conducted. As a result, when the mixed clay contains 2.5% cotton compared to the weight per cent of loess and fine sand powder and also loess and fine sand in the mixed clay have a 15:1 ratio, the mixed clay had the lowest shrinkage. Animal glue is considered as an appropriate glue since it had small color change, low physical property change and shringkage. Therefore, mixed clay (loess:fine sand=15:1) mixed with 15ml animal glue is likely to be a suitable filler for conservation treatment of the seated amitabha triad at the Muwisa Temple.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2023.11a
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• pp.64-65
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to assess the current status of cyber security at the Busan Port container terminal and derive strengthening factors through exploratory research. In recent years, the maritime industry has actively adopted Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies, resulting in changes in the form of ports, such as automated and smart terminals. While these changes have brought positive improvements in port efficiency, they have also increased the potential for cyber security incidents and threats, including information leakage through cargo handling equipment and ransomware attacks leading to terminal operations disruption. Especially in the case of ports, cyber security threats can have not only local effects within the port but also physical damage and implications for national security. However, despite the growing cyber security threats within ports, research related to domestic port cyber security remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to identify factors for enhancing cyber security in ports and derive future enhancement strategies. The study conducted an analysis focusing on the Busan Port container terminal, which is one of the leading ports in South Korea actively adopting Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies, and conducted a survey of stakeholders in the Busan Port container terminal. Subsequently, exploratory factor analysis was used to derive strengthening factors. This study holds significance in providing directions for enhancing cyber security in domestic container ports in the future.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 2024

Purpose: Severe abdominal injuries often require immediate clinical assessment and surgical intervention to prevent life-threatening complications. In Jeju Regional Trauma Center, we have instituted a protocol for emergency department (ED) laparotomy at the trauma bay. We investigated the mortality and time taken from admission to ED laparotomy. Methods: We reviewed the data recorded in our center's trauma database between January 2020 and December 2022 and identified patients who underwent laparotomy because of abdominal trauma. Laparotomies that were performed at the trauma bay or the ED were classified as ED laparotomy, whereas those performed in the operating room (OR) were referred to as OR laparotomy. In cases that required expeditious hemostasis, ED laparotomy was performed appropriately. Results: From January 2020 to December 2022, 105 trauma patients admitted to our hospital underwent emergency laparotomy. Of these patients, six (5.7%) underwent ED laparotomy. ED laparotomy was associated with a mortality rate of 66.7% (four of six patients), which was significantly higher than that of OR laparotomy (17.1%, 18 of 99 patients, P=0.006). All the patients who received ED laparotomy also underwent damage control laparotomy. The time between admission to the first laparotomy was significantly shorter in the ED laparotomy group (28.5 minutes; interquartile range [IQR], 14-59 minutes) when compared with the OR laparotomy group (104 minutes; IQR, 88-151 minutes; P<0.001). The two patients who survived after ED laparotomy had massive mesenteric bleeding, which was successfully ligated. The other four patients, who had liver laceration, kidney rupture, spleen injury, and pancreas avulsion, succumbed to the injuries. Conclusions: Although ED laparotomy was associated with a higher mortality rate, the time between admission and ED laparotomy was markedly shorter than for OR laparotomy. Notably, major mesenteric hemorrhages were effectively controlled through ED laparotomy.

• Composites Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.101-107
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• 2024

Demand for submarine cable is increasing due to advances in submarine power transmission technology and submarine cable manufacturing technology. Submarine cable use various types of protective equipment to prevent problems such as high maintenance costs in the event of cable damage and power outages during maintenance periods. Among them, flexible protection tube is a representative protective equipment to protect cables and respond to external forces such as waves and current. The flexible protection tube is made of polyurethane 85A hyperelastic material, so the calculation of mechanical behavior is carried out using mechanical properties based on experimental results. In this study, a study was conducted to determine the bending performance and tensile performance of flexible protection tube through analytical methods. The physical properties obtained through the multiaxial tensile test of polyurethane 85A were used for the analysis. Bending and tensile performance were determined for the maximum bending moment standard of 15 kN·m and the tensile load standard of 50 kN. As a result, it was confirmed that when the maximum bending moment of 15 kN·m of the flexible protection tube occurred, the bending performance of the MBR was secured at 13 m and when a tensile load of 50 kN, it was applied the maximum vertical displacement was 968 mm, confirming that the tensile performance was secured.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.280-292
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• 2017

Hail is not a frequently occurring weather event, and there are even fewer reports of hail damages to forest stands. Since the 2000s, an increase in hail incidence has been documented in Europe and the United States. In Korea, severe hails occurred in Jeollanam-do province on May 31 and in Gyeongsangbuk-do province on June 1, 2017. Hail size was ranged from 0.5 to 5.0 cm in diameter in Jeollanam-do, and from 1.5 to 3.0 cm in Gyeongsangbuk-do. This study was aimed to analyze the hail damages to forests by species and topography based on damage-categorized maps created by using drones and aerial photographs, and to analyze relationships of the damages with meteorological factors. The total damaged forest area was 1,163.1ha in Jeollanam-do, and 2,942.3ha in Gyeongsangbuk-do. Among the 'severe' damaged area 326.7ha, 91% was distributed in Jeollanam-do, and concentrated in the city of Hwasun which covers 57.2% of the total 'severe' damaged area. The most heavily damaged species was Korean red pine(Pinus densiflora S. & Z.) followed by P. rigida. Most broad-leaved trees species including oaks were recovered without any dead trees found. Liliodendron tulipifera was the most severely damaged in terms of the rate of 'severe' degree individuals which are needed to be checked whether they will die or be recovered. Cause of the death of pines was considered as the combination of physical damage caused by the hail and long-lasting drought with high air temperature that occurred before and after the hail event. No pathogens and insects were found which might have affected to tree deaths. We suggested a dieback mechanism of the pine trees damaged by hail and drought.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.60-67
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• 2015

The finite element (FE) model updating is a commonly used approach in civil engineering, enabling damage detection, design verification, and load capacity identification. In the FE model updating, acceleration responses are generally employed to determine modal properties of a structure, which are subsequently used to update the initial FE model. While the acceleration-based model updating has been successful in finding better approximations of the physical systems including material and sectional properties, the boundary conditions have been considered yet to be difficult to accurately estimate as the acceleration responses only correspond to translational degree-of-freedoms (DOF). Recent advancement in the sensor technology has enabled low-cost, high-precision gyroscopes that can be adopted in the FE model updating to provide angular information of a structure. This study proposes a FE model updating strategy based on data fusion of acceleration and angular velocity. The usage of both acceleration and angular velocity gives richer information than the sole use of acceleration, allowing the enhanced performance particularly in determining the boundary conditions. A numerical simulation on a simply supported beam is presented to demonstrate the proposed FE model updating approach.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 2015

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is an inherited disease entity associated with lysosomal enzyme deficiencies. MPS type 2, also known as Hunter syndrome, has a characteristic morphology primarily involving x-l inked recessive defects and iduronate-2-sulfatase gene mutation. The purpose of this case report is to provide important clues to help pediatricians identify Hunter syndrome patients earlier (i.e., before the disease progresses). A 30-month-old boy showed developmental delay and decreased speech ability. Physical examinations revealed a flat nose and extensive Mongolian spots. Brain magnetic resonance images (MRIs) showed bilateral multiple patchy T2 hyperintense lesions in the periventricular and deep white matter, several cyst-like lesions in the body of the corpus callosum, and diffuse brain atrophy, which were in keeping with the diagnosis. Based on these findings, the patient was suspected of having MPS. In the laboratory findings, although the genetic analysis of IDS (Iduronate-2-sulfatase) did not show any pathogenic variant, the enzymatic activity of IDS was not detected. We could confirm the diagnosis of MPS, because other sulfatases, such as ${\alpha}$-L-iduronidase, were detected in the normal range. Early enzymatic replacement therapy is essential and has a relatively good prognosis. Therefore, early diagnosis should be made before organ damage becomes irreversible, and brain MRIs can provide additional diagnostic clues to help distinguish the disorder.