• Title/Summary/Keyword: The fig tree

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Principal Characteristics of Pinus parviflora S. et Z. Native to the Dagelet Island (울릉도(鬱陵島) 섬잣나무의 특성(特性)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Ahn, Kun Yong
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.12 no.1
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    • pp.31-43
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    • 1971
  • In order to examine the taxonomic difference between the type of Pinus parviflora S. et Z. native to the Dagelet Island and the type of the species introduced to a number of places of the inland of South Korea, investigations on principal characters of needle, cone and seed were made with a hope to obtain informations on the evaluation of the species for possible use in the reforestation program in Korea in the future. Pinus parviflora is belonged to the Sub-genus Haploxylon of Genus Pinus and it has been speculated among dendrologists that this speoies is not monotypic. 308 rendomly selected trees from 8 different elevations of a natural stand of P. parviflora in the Dagelet Island, and 168 trees of P. parviflora growing at 15 different locations of the inland of South Korea were employed as samples along with 300 trees of P. koraiensis as control. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The needle length of the Pinus parviflora of the Dagelet Island is longer than that of the species growing in the inland by 21-35 percent with statistical significancy. (Table 2) 2. In the cross section of needle, no resin canal was observed in about 50-70 percent of the sample trees of the Dagelet Island, whereas the resin canals appearing at external in most cases were observed in all sample trees from the inland. Consequently, the number of resin canals per needle was 0.4-0.9 with the Dagelet Island type and 2.0-2.7 with the inland type and these differences were statistically significant. (Table 3, Fig.2) 3. The Pinus parvviflora type of the Dagelet Island bas yellowish brown cones, and the Pinus parviflora type of Suwon and Kwangyang has redish brown cones. In both the length of cone and the number of cone scale, the difference between the type of the Dagelet Island and the type of the inland was also statistically significant. The cone scales of the Dagelet Island type are slightly opened, whereas the cone scales are widely opened with both of Suwon and Kwangyang type. (Table 4, Fig. 3) 4. the seed color, of the Dagelet Island type is yellowish brown, while it is greyish brown with Kwangyang and Suwon type. In the length and width of seed, the Dagelet Island type showed significantly larger values than that of the inland type. The length of seed was longest with the Kwangyang type being followed by Suwon and the Dagelet Island type in ordar. The seed wing of the Kwangyang type are longer than the seed, while that of the Dagelet Island type is degenerated to be shorter than the seed. (Table 5, Fig. 4) 5. The Pinus parviflora type of the Dagelat Island is similar in many respects to the southern type of Pinus parviflora of Japan except that many has no resin canals in the needle. 6. On the basis of the results obtained in this study, it may be concluded that the type of Pinus parviflora of the Dagelet Island is significantly different from the type of the species introduced to the inland and that there is no recognizable variation between the population of the different altitude of the Dagelet Island and the individual variation within population is also negligible. In the light of the high value of the tree not only as an ornamental tree but as an economical tree, The type of Pinus parviflora of the Dagelet Island is considered to be recommendable to be used for the future reforestation program of Korea.

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The Comparative Experiment of Some Artificial Treat methods of Silkworm Eggs (다회육을 위한 잠종의 인공처리법 비교시험)

  • 김원경;홍기원
    • Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.109-117
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    • 1971
  • Today most of farmers rear the silkworms two time a year, spring and autumn (Fig. 1). But from now on, we can rear whenever mulberry tree is grown, and it is expected that we can rear many times (Fig.2). Because the silkworm eggs can not always be hatched, we have to study a special method for rearing many times a year. The writer, in these problems, hatched the silkworm eggs from the beginning of June to the beingning of September, once every 10 days, and reard 10 times. The results are as follows; 1) The silkworm eggs for the beginning and middle of June have no difference between the double cooling method and the single cooling method. But the eggs for the end of June in the double cooling method is better. 2) For the silkworm eggs for the middle of July, the cooling method after acid treatment for eggs is better. 3) For the silkworm eggs for the end of July, the reeling method after acid treatment is better. But it is needed to study the short artificial treatment. 4) For the eggs for the beginning of August, the further study of the short artificial treatment is also needed. 5) For the eggs for the middle of August, after cooling treatment is better. The short artificial treatment is possible for them. But further study is needed. 6) For the eggs for the beginning of September, after cooling treatment is needed for further study.

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Density Effects on the Size of 2-1 Korean Pine and 1-1 Jack Pine Nursery Stock (잣나무 2-1 묘(苗)와 방크스소나무 1-1 묘(苗)의 생장(生長)에 미치는 밀도효과(密度効果))

  • Ma, Sang Kyu
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.32 no.1
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    • pp.1-8
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    • 1976
  • One of the most common needle leaf species used in planting in Korea is korean pine (Pinus koraiensis S. et Z.), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) is one of the test species for suitability. The relation of nursery bed density of 2-1 korean pine and 1-1 jack pine was studied at the Kwang Nung Nursery, Central Branch Station of Forest Research Institute, and about 40km north of Seoul. Nursery bed density of 2-1 korean pine, which ranged from 36 to 324 trees per square meters and of 1-1 jack pine, which ranged from 25 to 169 trees per square meters, had a marked effect on caliper, height, dry weight and percent and amount of plantable stock. The soil physical and chemical properties is silt plus clay, 50.55 percent; organic matter, 2.09 percent; total nitrogen, 0.13 percent; available phosphorus, 253.25 ppm; exchangeable potash, 0.46 m.e/100g; and pH, 5.58. As the density of the nursery seedling stand of 2-1 korean pine increases, the average tree height increases (Fig. 1A), but in 1-1 jack pine density do not affect to increase or decrease the average tree height. As the density of nursery bed increases, the average stem caliper (at 2cm above ground line) and dry weight decrease (Fig. 1B), but the decreasing rate is more seriously in 1-1 jack pine than 2-1 korean pine (Fig.5). As increasing the density of nursery bed, the T/R ratio of trees of the test species increase. Also the dry weight of leaf, stem and root parts are decreasing in proportion to the increase of stand density, but the drop rate of jack pine is more rapid than korean pine (table. 1) The patent facts of difference of growth characteristics between 2-1 korean pine and 1-1 jack pine were studied. These facts should be used to select the scale of stand density at the nursery bed or the plantable site. Korean pine is demanded high density, on the other hand in jack pine low density are more suitable to manage the stand density. Stands of comparatively low density had the greatest percentage of high-quality stock, and the stands of high density had less than the high quality trees of low density. An important criterion of the best density is percent and number of high-quality trees produced per square meter of bed area. Stem caliper and stem height of seedling is used in most public nurseries to sort seedling into plantable grades. The stock grade standard has set at 4.5mm caliper and 16cm height of 2-1 korean pine as the minimum desired stem caliper and height. By the result studies, the plantable stock grade standards of 2-1 korean pine used at stem height 16cm and stem caliper 4.5mm from public nurseries should be reformed to stem height 18cm and stem caliper 4.0mm by the growth characteristics and the tree distribution of stem height and caliper of relation to density. For the 2-1 korean pine, best density should be about 160 to 200 trees per square meter according to soil fertility. For the 1-1 jack pine, the suitable standard of plantable stock should be at stem height 25cm and caliper 6mm (at 2cm above ground line) and best density was about 100 to 120 trees.

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FREE AMINO ACIDS IN HEALTHY AND VIRUS DISEASED CHINESE DATE TREE (Virus에 감염된 대추나무의 병엽과 건전엽에 있어서의 유이 amino산의 정성적 비교)

  • Hong, Soon-Woo;Hah, Yung-Chil
    • Journal of Plant Biology
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    • v.4 no.1
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    • pp.9-11
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    • 1961
  • A comparative investigation of free amino acids content in healthy check and virus diseased leaves of Chinese date tree, Zyzyphus jujuqa Mill var. inermis Rhed, was carried out by authors throughout the growing season of 1959 and 1960 from June to October. The methods of qualitative analysis of free amino acids aplied in this experiment is followed by Moore and Stein. Free amino acids determined in this experiment are shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1. As the figure and the table are shown, three more amino acids such as glutamine, asparagine and histidine are detected in the diseased material. The additional amino acids which are known as diamines in diseased leaves are conspicuous. It is presumed that the diamine might be incresed by the self-reproduction of the virus in cooporation with certain enzymes which are carrying out the protein metabolism in the host protoplast in contrast with the healthy checks which is carrying out normal protein metabolism. From the histological poing of view, the facts of phloem degeneration or necrosis in diseased leaves, it seems to interrupt to move free amino acids from roots to leaves and it possibly takes place an excessive production of NH3 which is diaminated by the metabolism of nitrogen compounds in such conditioned leaves. Therefore, it is also presumed that additional diamino acids are accumulated in diseased leaves. There are no change of amino acids are accumulated in diseased leaves. There are no change of amino acids in both materials of this plant throughout the growing season qualitatively, and this result agress with the paper of Knight.

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Investigation on the shade tolerance of Pinus rigida, P. Thunbergii and Buxus Koreana (천연경신(天然更新)의 요건(要件)으로서의 리기다소나무 곰솔 및 회양목의 내음성(耐陰性)의 조사(調査))

  • Kim, Tai Wook
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.4 no.1
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    • pp.33-38
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    • 1965
  • It has already been noted that some tree species, denoted as tolerant species, endure to behavior shadiness in growth than those species, denoted as intolerant species, since this fact of tolerance must be involved in silvicultural practice, the present author, with pinus rigida, pinus Thunbergii, and Buxus koreana, investigated the relation of degree of shadiness to soil moisture condition. Because tolerant and intolerant trees must be considered from the standpoint of their ability to use any of the factors that are likely to be at low concentration in the dense or open forest. The observed results may be summarized as follows : 1. The ability of tolerance of the species to shadiness is differently concluded by the base with which the analysis was made, i.c. Height, growth, diameter growth, T-R ratio or dry matter increase and so on. Regarding this point root collar increment or dry matter increase were considered more reasonable bases for discussing the tolerability. 2. When total length growth, including both stem and root, is taken as standard for the comparison of the ability of tolerance for each species, higher soil moisture condition and thicker shadeniss lessened the ability of pinus rigida, seedlings. Pinus Thunbergii, showed. However more moisture resistant than pinus rigida. Buxus koreana, seemed to have stronger ability of tolerance than any others. 3. When total dry matter content taken as standard, the results obtained are given in Fig, 3. In pinus rigida, the soil moisture supplemented the lack of light.

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The Historical Study of Korean Traditional Funtional Food (한국의 전통적 기능성 식품의 이용에 대한 역사적 고찰)

  • 한복진
    • Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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    • v.6 no.2
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    • pp.235-255
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    • 1996
  • Natural substances, exploited in our daily life, have been applied to drugs to treat diseases and developed to functional foods by appropriate preparations, and these foods give beneficial effects on physical activities. In this paper, the utilization of traditional functional foods was studied with refer ring to old ancient writings published in the front-end of Chosun dynasty. The utilized vegetables were march mallow, turnip, radish, Chinese cabbage, lettuce, spinach, cucumber winter buds, flesh of a cabbage, eggplant, taro, burdock, Parsley, watershield plant, crown daisy, bamboo shoots, garlic, scallion, onion, acorn, bark of a tree, white goosefoot leaf, leaf of bean, pine mushroom, bracken. yam, mugwort, tea, ginseng, peppermint, fruit of the Maximowiczia chinensis, smartweed and pepper. The utilized fruits were chestnut, Chinese date, pine nuts, walnut, gingko nut, citrus. crab apple, pear, peach, grape, pomegranate, plum, Chinese quince, fig and watermelon. The utilized cereal were rice, barley, bean, buckweat and Job's-tears. The utilized sweetenings and seasonings were honey, wheat-gluten, sugar, oil, salt, soy sauce and vinegar. Our ancestors had a balanced diet using the various foods, and especially had a fundamental concept of "Foods have the efficacy of a remedy".edy".uot;.

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The Variation of Natural Population of Pinus densiflora S. et Z. in Korea -Characteristics of Needle and Wood of Wangsan, Bonghwa and Yangju Populations- (소나무 천연집단(天然集團)의 변이(變移)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)(VII) -왕산(旺山), 봉화(奉化), 양주집단(楊州集團)의 침엽(針葉) 및 재질형질(材質形質)-)

  • Yim, Kyong Bin;Lee, Kyong Jae
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.40 no.1
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    • pp.1-18
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    • 1978
  • Three Pinus densiflora populations as shown in location map (Fig. 1) were studied in 1977. These succeed the population numbers 10, 11 and 12 after the preceeding populations. Following the previous study methods, 20 trees were chosen from each population and the morphological characteristics such as tree forms, branching habit, needle and wood properties were investigated. The results are summerized as follows; 1. The mean stand ages were ranged from 40 to 45. The growth performances of trees of population 10 and 11 was similar, but 12 seemed to be inferior more or less. 2. The ratios of clear bole length was 0.53 in population 12 as the highest but 0.43 for population 10 as the lowest. 3. The population 12 was considered to be a stand of the coarser branching habit having the crown index (The maximum crown diameter/the crown length) 1.65 though the mean branching angle indicates almost horizontal. 4. The differences were observed in the clear bole length ratios and crown-indices between populations as shown in Fig. 3 and 4. 5. No inter-population differences in serration density of needle was shown but significant inter and intra-population and individual differences (within population) in number of stomata rows and resin duct. 6. Population 12 shown 0.119 of resin duct index as the maximum. 7. The pattern of diameter growth, analyses based on the width of 10-year-ring segment unit (for example, the 1st segment denotes the width between pith center and 10th year ring and the 2nd one is from 11th to 20th year ring and so on.), was alike among populations as shown in Fig. 9. 8. No significant differences between population in mean summer wood percentages as well as in wood specific gravity was observed. The values of wood specific gravity were increased with the increase of ages in population 10 and 11 however vice versa in population 12. 9. The fiber length was increased with the increase of age but no differences between populations as shown in Fig. 12.

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Field Control of Paulownia Witches' Broom with Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride (옥시테트라사이클린에 의(依)한 오동나무·빗자루병(病) 방제(防除))

  • La, Yong Joon;Shin, Hyeon Dong
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.49 no.1
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    • pp.6-10
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    • 1980
  • The witches' broom disease of Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud with which mycoplasmalike organisms are associated is widespread throughout Korea and poses serious threat to the cultivation of paulownia. Attempt was made to investigate the feasibility of field control of the disease with oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC). A total of 84 paulownia trees (6 year-old, DBH: 10-15cm) exhibiting severe symptoms of witches' broom were selected and treated during March to September. Solution of 1-10g of OTC dissolved in 0.1­2.0 of water was transfused into infected trees with gravity flow method from a dark-brown colored plastic reservoir (11 volume) through plastic tubes (1.2m long) connected to 2-4 holes (5 mm in diameter and 4-5cm in depth) bored in the basal part of the tree trunks (Fig. 1 and 2). Of 60 diseased paulownia trees injected with 2g of OTC in 0.1-2.0l of water during May to September, 1979, 58 trees resulted in complete remission of symptom development and resumption of healthy new growth at least up to September, 1980 when the last observation of the effect of OTC treatment for this experiment was made. The rest of two trees were dead probably due to too severe infection. Of 24 paulownia trees treated in March and April, 1979 complete remission of symptom development was obtained with 8 trees, and nine trees were partially prevented from symptom development in the following season. The remaining 7 trees were dead due to failure in uptake of OTC and partly because the trees were in too far advanced stage of infection. Application of highly concentrated solution of 2g of OTC dissolved in 0.1-0.2l of water per tree was just as effective as the 2g/1-2l treatment. Injection of 2g/1-2l required 3-4 days while treatment of 2g/0.1-0.2l reduced the time for injecting one tree down to less than 24 hrs. The result of this experiment demonstrates that basal trunk injection of 2g OTC/0.1-0.2l/tree is feasible for field control of paulownia witches' broom, provided that tree injection is performed in actively growing season (May-September) and at the initial stage of disease development.

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Ecological Studies on the Burned Forest -On the Productivity System of the Burned Forest- (산화적지(山火跡地)의 생태학적(生態學的) 연구(硏究) -산화후(山火後) 임지(林地)의 생산구조(生産構造)에 대(對)하여-)

  • Kim, Ok Kyung;Chong, Hyon Pae
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.12 no.1
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    • pp.45-54
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    • 1971
  • Ecological studies on the effect of an accidental fire on the composition of the post-fire vegetation in relation to the productivity system were made at the burned site on Mt. Samak located at Duckduwon-Ri, Sumyun, Chun Sung-Kun, Kangwon-Do, the same plots used in the previous study carried out in 1967. The result are summarized as follows. 1. In the productivity system, the standing crop measured was as follows; Carex Lanceolata var. Nana, Miscanthus purpurscens etc. were contained in the herbs and their individual number was larger than that of the woody plants. (Table 1). In the woody plants, Quercus Acutissima was the most abundant, showing larger number of tree than Quercus dentata. The S.D.R. value of the family Poaceae was the highest among the herbs and in the test plots, it was 4 times larger in number than in the controlled plots. (Table 3, Fig. 4, 5). 2. In the unburned sities, 5 dominant species were selected and by calculating their S.D.R., it was shown that woody plants, S.D.R. is 4.43 while it is 11.52 with herbs. (Table 4, Fig. 6). 3. When making comparisons with the standing crop on the higher around, it was found that the test plots had 522.45 gm more than the controlled and 1470. 53gm more than those on lower ground. These results were considered to indicate that high temperature caused by fire resulted in the increase of germination rate of seeds as it was seen in the previous study and it further stimulate the growth of the perennial plants. (Table 6, 7) 4. In the number of species, the standing crop was increased in the order of Genus Miscanthus and Genus Carex. and in the woody plants Genus Lespedeza was increased in the standing crop. 5. It was found that in the rest plots, total summed height was greater by about 6000cm than that in the controlled plots. 6. In conclusion, the forest fire gave a great loss to tall trees and woody plants burning them together with unmatured seeds. In the succession of the 2nd year it was considered that the growth of the perennial plants had been stimulated on the barned sites.

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Effect of Soil Salinity and Soil-wetting by Summer-Rising of Water Table on the Growth of Fruit Trees Transplanted at the Saemangeum Reclaimed Tidal Land in Korea (새만금간척지의 토양염농도와 지하수위의 하계 상승이 이식한 과수의 생육에 미치는 영향)

  • Sohn, Yong-Man;Jeon, Geon-Yeong;Song, Jae-Do;Lee, Jae-Hwang;Kim, Doo-Hwan;Park, Moo-Eon
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.43 no.1
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    • pp.8-15
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    • 2010
  • The effect of soil salinity and soil-wetting by rise of water table on the growth of fruit trees was studied to obtain information for orchard establishment in the Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land. Survival ratio of trees was 85%for grape, 31%for fig, 15%for apple and pear, and near zero for peach and blueberry. Wet injury induced by water-logged or flooded condition, rather than salt injury(soil EC was lower than 3.0dS $m^{-1}$ during growing period) is thought to be more responsible for low survival ratio of fruit trees transplanted in Saemangeum area. During the summer raining season in the reclaimed areas, the soil salinity tends to be decreased by natural rainfall effect, and the rainfall acceptable capacity(RAC) of soils dramatically is reduced(10-24 mm) as rainfall is continued to occur. In spite of high hydraulic conductivity(121 cm $day^{-1}$) of soils across the area, low RAC of soils might be due to high soil saturation and elevated water table during summer raining season. Therefore, the installation of effective drainage system should be the primary factor determining successful establishment of orchard in the Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land.