• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.251-259
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• 1999

Background: Even though the necessity for premedication has been questioned, some combinations of antisialogogues, sedatives and analgesics are usually employed by most bronchoscopists. The goal of this study was to determine whether fiberoptic bronchoscopy(FOB) could be performed safely and effectively without premedication while using a standardized topical anesthetic. Method: Eighty outpatients were randomized in a double-blind manner into group I(n=20) with 1 ml normal saline, group II(n=20) with 0.5mg of atropine, group III(n=20) with 0.5mg of atropine plus 5mg of midazolam, and group IV(n=20) with 0.5mg of atropine plus 50mg of meperidine, given intramuscularly 30 minutes before FOB as premedication Topical anesthetics administered were same in each group. Each patient was given 5ml(200mg) of 4% nebulized lidocaine and additional intratracheobronchial 2% lidocaine. Oxygen saturation, pulse rate and electrocardiogram were monitored and recorded before, during, just after and 2 minutes after FOB. Immediately after FOB, the bronchoscopists answered four questions such as ease of procedure, extent of coughing, extent of secretion, and overall impression. Before leaving bronchoscopy suite, patients completed similar questions on discomfort during procedure, and willingness to return for a repeat procedure. Results: Age, gender, baseline pulmonary function, dose of 2% lidocaine used for topical anesthesia, and duration of FOB were not significantly different. There was no statistical difference among group I to IV with regard to extent of coughing answered by bronchoscopist. But extent of secretion was significantly different between group I without atropine and group II-IV with atropine. And there was also significant difference in ease of procedure and overall impression among groups. There was no statistical difference in patient's willingness and level of discomfort among the groups. Thirteen patients(16%) showed hypoxemia(arterial oxygen saturation: <90%), and 3 patients(4%) showed significant tachyarrhythmia(heart rate: > l60/min), but the rate of complication was not statistically different among the groups. Conclusion: These results suggest that the value of premedication is questionable for outpatient FOB, although it may be necessary in excessively anxious patient.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.401-410
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• 2016

Purpose: Water is magnetically charged upon contact with a magnet. Although magnetic water products have been promoted since the 1930's, they have not received wide acceptance since their effectiveness is still in question; however, some have reported their therapeutic effects on the body, especially the digestive, nervous, and urinary systems. Methods: In this study, the effect of magnetized water on glycemic control of 14 diabetic mice (CB57BK/KsJ-db/db) in comparison with 10 control mice (CB57BK/KsJ-db/+(db/+)) was investigated. Seven diabetic control (DMC) mice and seven diabetic mice + magnetized water (DM+MW) were kept for 16 weeks, followed by intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT). Weekly blood glucose was measured from tail veins. Blood obtained from heart puncture was used for HbA1c analysis. Results: Blood glucose level showed a significant difference starting from the $10^{th}$ week of study ($496.1{\pm}10.2mg/dl$ in DMC vs. $437.9{\pm}76.9mg/dl$ in DM+MW). Blood glucose followed by IPGTT showed no significant difference between groups at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min, although glucose level at 180 min was significantly reduced in DM+MW mice. Plasma insulin level in DM+MW groups was only 39.5% of that of DMC groups ($5.97{\pm}1.69ng/ml$ in DMC vs. $2.36{\pm}0.94ng/ml$ in DM+MW). Levels of HbA1c were 12.4% and 9.7% in DMC and DM+MW groups, respectively. Conclusion: These results show the promising therapeutic effect of magnetized water in regulating blood glucose homeostasis; however, long-term supplementation or mechanistic study is necessary.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.81-90
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• 2013

During the past decade, many changes and attempts have been tried and are continued developing new technologies in the computing area. The brick wall in computing area, especially power wall, changes computing paradigm from computing hardwares including processor and system architecture to programming environment and application usage. The high performance computing (HPC) area, especially, has been experienced catastrophic changes, and it is now considered as a key to the national competitiveness. In the late 2000's, many leading countries rushed to develop Exascale supercomputing systems, and as a results tens of PetaFLOPS system are prevalent now. In Korea, ICT is well developed and Korea is considered as a one of leading countries in the world, but not for supercomputing area. In this paper, we describe architecture design of MAHA supercomputing system which is aimed to develop 300 TeraFLOPS system for bio-informatics applications like human genome analysis and protein-protein docking. MAHA supercomputing system is consists of four major parts - computing hardware, file system, system software and bio-applications. MAHA supercomputing system is designed to utilize heterogeneous computing accelerators (co-processors like GPGPUs and MICs) to get more performance/$, performance/area, and performance/power. To provide high speed data movement and large capacity, MAHA file system is designed to have asymmetric cluster architecture, and consists of metadata server, data server, and client file system on top of SSD and MAID storage servers. MAHA system softwares are designed to provide user-friendliness and easy-to-use based on integrated system management component - like Bio Workflow management, Integrated Cluster management and Heterogeneous Resource management. MAHA supercomputing system was first installed in Dec., 2011. The theoretical performance of MAHA system was 50 TeraFLOPS and measured performance of 30.3 TeraFLOPS with 32 computing nodes. MAHA system will be upgraded to have 100 TeraFLOPS performance at Jan., 2013.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.28-36
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• 2018

Studies on suspected endocrine disrupting pesticide (EDP) residues in agricultural products were carried out in 2016 in Busan, Korea. Twelve different EDPs, ranging in concentration between 0.003-2.049 mg/kg, were detected in 19.5% of 462 samples. About 0.2% of agricultural product samples exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRLs). Risk indices of all of the EDPs were less than 10% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI). The outcomes indicated that the risk groups at highest risk of exposure to diazinon (found in Korean cabbages) and carbendazim (found in apples) were females aged 40 to 49 and young males less than 10 years old, respectively. Based on the stochastic assessment at $95^{th}$ percentile (P95), risk index in these risk groups accounted for 8.38 and 2.98% of ADIs. The results showed that the occurrence of EDP residues in agricultural products could not be considered a public health problem.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.46-50
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• 2018

Purpose Generally, a collimator that installed in front of detector set a direction of gamma ray and remove a scatter ray. By the way, a lateral or oblique scatter ray is detected into crystal through collimator. At this study, we will evaluate a mount of count and spectrums of lateral scatter ray. Materials and Methods We used the SKY LITE (philips, netherlands) as a gamma camera, and $^{99m}Tc$, 1.11 GBq point source as a phantom. we put this point source at backside 50 cm of detector. After acquiring this for 1 min, we turned a detector next 10 degrees. Likely this, we acquired images at every 10 degrees from $0^{\circ}$ to $360^{\circ}$, analyzed images and spectrums. In case of patient study, we choose a 3 phase bone scan patient who had a hand disease, because scatter rays from body would detect on crystal. After acquiring blood flow and blood pool images, we analyzed images and spectrums. Additional, we put a lead gown on patient's hand, body. And then we compared and evaluated 3 type blood pool images (non lead gown, lead gown on a hand and on body). Results In case of phantom study, scatter ray counts at backside ($270^{\circ}-90^{\circ}$) are same with a background count. By the way, counts of scatter ray of oblique side ($0^{\circ}-50^{\circ}$, $220^{\circ}-270^{\circ}$) are 100-600 cps, furthermore, counts at frontside are over 4 Mcps. In case of patient study, a counts of hand blood pool scan are 1510 cps. But counts of hand with lead gown on hands and on body are each 1554 cps, 1299 cps. Conclusion Therefore, even though there is a collimator in front of detector, lateral scatter rays detect on crystal and affect to images and spectrums. Especially, if there is a high activity source at outside of detector when we examine low activity organs like hands or foot, we have to shield and remove the source at outside for a good image.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.391-398
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• 2009

The objective of the present study was to compare of the effects of four molting methods on performance of laying hens. In total, 120 White Leghorn layers (62 weeks of age) were used. The four molting methods consisted of 10 days of feeding and the first 3 days of water withdrawal (FW1, 2) followed by ad libitum access to a layer diet 1 and 2 from day 11; 28 days of restricted feeding (NFW1); 28 days without withdrawing their feed (NFW2). Egg production of postmolt decreased until $3{\sim}4$ days at FW1 and FW2 treatments and until $16{\sim}18$ days at NFW1 and NFW2. 50% recovery of egg production were 7, 6, 7 and 5 week at FW1, FW2, NFW1, and NFW2 treatments, respectively. At day 14 of postmolt, the weight of livers, hearts, and oviducts decreased at molting treatments (P<0.05). Egg quality was improved on egg weight, eggshell thickness, eggshell break strength, and Haugh unit except egg yolk color (P<0.05).

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.90-101
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• 1992

In rat kidney, the changes in concentrations of nucleotides and their derivatives during ischemia induced by renal artery ligation was measured quantitatively with high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). After the ligation of renal artery for 60minutes, the concentrations of the nucleotides and derivatives were measured. In ischemic tissue, IDP was significantly decreased from $217.4{\pm}12.68{\mu}g$ in control to $80.7{\pm}18.39{\mu}g$ (p<0.01) ; ATP, $307.2{\pm}56.63{\mu}g$ to $47.6{\pm}5.95{\mu}g$ (p<0.01) ; ADP+AMP, $227.1{\pm}7.98{\mu}g$ to $61.4{\pm}3.92{\mu}g$(P<0.01); $NAD^+$, $217.9{\pm}4.49{\mu}g$ to $126.6{\pm}10.44{\mu}g$(P<0.01) ; GTP, $202.5{\pm}23.76{\mu}g$ to $117.7{\pm}14.24{\mu}g$ (P<0.05) ; GMP, $54.5{\pm}9.03{\mu}g$ to $23.7{\pm}0.46{\mu}g$(p<0.05), and inosine, $16.6{\pm}3.45{\mu}g$ to $7.8{\pm}0.87{\mu}g$ (P<0.05). But hypoxanthine and xanthine were significantly increased from $113.0{\pm}15.58{\mu}g$ to $159.7{\pm}12.07{\mu}g$ (P<0.05) and from $87.7{\pm}6.77{\mu}g$ to $173.1{\pm}12.52{\mu}g$ (P<0.01). In ischemic kidney, concentration of ATP was decreased to 39.9% of control at 10 minutes, 19.8% at 30 minutes, and 15.5% at 60 minutes, and ADP+AMP were decreased to 70.3% of control at 10 minutes, 67.3% at 30 minutes, and to 27.0% at 60 minutes, but hypoxanthine and xanthine were increased to 121.5% and 127.1% at 10 minutes, 126.0% and 174.4% at 30 minutes, and 141.4% and 197.3% at 60 minutes Total adenosine nucleotides were decreased to 20.3% of control during 60 minutes of ischemia, but hypoxanthine and xathine were increased to 157.5 % of control. These results suggest that the changes in the concentration of nucleotides and their metabolic derivatives are useful indices of the extents of tissue ischemia in rat kidney.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.230-240
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: To evaluate residues of environmentally concerned pesticides in water system, this monitoring was conducted over three rivers. The residual characteristics and discharging condition of these residues on water system was investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS: Total twenty nine sampling sites were selected through main streams and branch streams of Keum, Mangyung and Dongjin rivers, and the water samples from them were regularly collected one month interval, especially biweekly from May to August in 2002. Of the pesticides monitored, six fungicides which include hexaconazole, isoprothiolane and iprobenfos were detected with frequencies of 0.3-50.9% and in their residue level of $0.1-4.7{\mu}g/L$. Sixteen insecticides which include nine organophosphoruses, three carbamates, endosulfan, cypermethrin, buprofezin and fipronil were detected with frequencies of 0.3-32.5% and in their residue level of $0.01-2.8{\mu}g/L$. Nine herbicides which include alachlor molinate, anilofos, butachlor, dimepiperate, metolachlor, oxadiazon, pretilachlor and thiobencarb were detected with frequencies of 0.8-22.9% and in their residue level of $0.01-9.07{\mu}g/L$. CONCLUSION: Detection frequencies and residue levels of insecticides and herbicides were the highest in waters sampled in May and June. Almost pesticides detected were for the paddy rice and their residue levels were very low to compare with standard values.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.343-349
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• 2012

Exposure and risk assessments were conducted to evaluate the relative safety of mixing/loading work of indoxacarb between wettable powder (WP) and water dispersible granule (WG). Hand exposure was monitored using cotton gloves while inhalation exposure was measured using personal air monitor. Method validation for the exposure monitoring was established successfully through several experiments. Limit of determination and limit of quantitation were 0.25 and 1 ng, respectively. $R^2$ of calibration curve linearity was more than 0.9999 and reproducibility was 0.7-6. Recovery of indoxacarb from gloves, solid sorbent and glass fiber filter at three different levels was 81.5-108.8%. Trapping efficiency and breakthrough tests gave 981.5-108.8% of recovery. During mixing/loading procedure, hand exposure amount (75 percentile of 30 repetitions) for indoxacarb WP was 6 folds (459.8 mg/kg a.i) than that of WG (81.4 mg/kg a.i). This result indicates that WG has less drift than WP thanks to its granular type of formulation. Inhalation amount was $10^{-8}-10^{-7}%$ of spray mixture prepared and $10^{-4}-10^{-3}%$ of hand exposure. In inhalation case, no significant differences were observed between two formulations. Margin of safety was calculated for risk assessment using male Korean average body weight and acceptable operator exposure level as the important exposure factors. Mixing/loading procedures for both of the formulations were considered to be of least risk because calculated MOS values were more than 1.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.213-219
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to evaluate shielding effect of radiation protector for interventional radiologists in procedures by measuring inside and outside of radiation protector. In this study, we measured the radiation dose of 4 interventional radiologists during TACE and PTBD procedure for 4 month(2005.05-2005.09). Absorbed dose were measured by TLD placed underneath and over radiation protector such as Goggle, Thyroid protector, Apron and placed on the 4th finger of Hand. In addition, we measured background radiation dose in the control room using TLD. During TACE procedure, using 0.07 mmPb Goggle decreased average 53.8% of radiation dose rate in continuous fluoroscopic mode and decreased average 77.6% of radiation dose rate in pulse fluoroscopic mode. Using 0.5 mmPb Thyroid protector decreased average 88.9% of radiation dose rate in continuous fluoroscopic mode and decreased average 92.8% in pulse fluoroscopic mode. During PTBD procedure, using 0.07 mmPb Goggle decreased radiation dose rate average 62.7%, 87.9% by 0.5 mmPb Thyroid protector, 90.5% by 0.5 mmPb Apron. The average fluoroscopic time of PTBD was 6.14 min. shorter than TACE procedure, but radiation exposure dose rate of PTBD was 3 times higher in total body dose, and 40 times higher in hand dose rate than TACE. Interventional radiologists must wear thicker protector recommended over 0.5 mmPb. Also, they must use lead Goggle during interventional procedure. Abdomen dose decreased average 38.4% by drawing a lead curtain under the patient's table, therefore, they must draw a lead curtain to shield scattering ray. Radiation exposure dose decreased average 59.0% by using pulse fluoroscopic mode. So radiologists would better use pulse fluoroscopic mode than continuous fluoroscopic mode to decrease exposure dose.