• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.352-359
• /
• 1990

The synergistic effect of glucoamylase and a -amylase on the hydrolysis of raw corn starch in an agitated bead reaction system was studied by investigating the changes of sugar profiles, the granular structure, particle size distribution, and X-ray diffraction pattern of residual raw corn starch. The enzymatic hydrolysis of raw corn starch was greatly enhanced by synergistic effect of glucoamylase and $\alpha$ -amylase. Even though the sugar profiles were mainly determined by the mixing ratio of glucoamylase and $\alpha$-amylase; raw starch was mainly converted to glucose directly without accumulation of any significant amount of oligosaccharides. The cavity formation and fragmentation phenomena of raw corn starch granule subjected to enzyme reaction were analyzed by means of SEM and the particle size distribution. The X-ray diffraction pattern of raw starch was not changed at the initial stage of reaction but slightly changed at the late stage of hydrolysis, which may be caused by the preferential degradation of amorphous region by enzymatic reaction, not by the destruction of microcrystalline structure of raw corn starch.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.108-115
• /
• 2018

Purpose: Glehnia littoralis has been reported to have several pharmacological properties but no in vivo reports describing the protective effects of this plant on${\alpha}$-amanitin-induced hepatotoxicity have been published. ${\alpha}$-Amanitin is a peptide found in several mushroom species that accounts for the majority of severe mushroom poisonings leading to severe hepatonecrosis. In our previous in vitro study, we found that ${\alpha}$-amanitin induced oxidative stress, which may contribute to its severe hepatotoxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Glehnia littoralis acetate extract (GLEA) has protective antioxidant effects on ${\alpha}$-amanitin-induced hepatotoxicity in a murine model. Methods: Swiss mice (n=40 in all groups) were divided into four groups (n=10/group). Three hours after giving ${\alpha}$-amanitin (0.6 mg/kg, i.p.) to the mice, they were administered silibinin (50 mg/kg/d, i.p.) or Glehnia littoralis ethyl acetate extract (100 mg/kg/d, oral) therapies once a day for 3 days. After 72 hours of treatment, each subject was killed, cardiac blood was aspirated for hepatic aminotransferase measurement, and liver specimens were harvested to evaluate the extent of hepatonecrosis. The degree of hepatonecrosis was assessed by a pathologist blinded to the treatment group and divided into 4 categories according to the grade of hepatonecrosis. Results: GLEA significantly improved the beneficial functional parameters in ${\alpha}$-amanitin-induced hepatotoxicity. In the histopathological evaluation, the toxicity that was generated with ${\alpha}$-amanitin was significantly reduced by GLEA, showing a possible hepatoprotective effect. Conclusion: In this murine model, Glehnia littoralis was effective in limiting hepatic injury after ${\alpha}$-amanitin poisoning. Increases of aminotransferases and degrees of hepatonecrosis were attenuated by this antidotal therapy.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
• /
• 2003.09a
• /
• pp.700-718
• /
• 2003

Fructan, a polysaccharide existing in plants or produced by microorganisms, is a sugar polymer of fructose with $\beta$-2,6 linkages. In this study, we investigated some cosmeceutical properties of Fructan such as moisturizing effect, cell proliferation effect, anti-inflammation effect and cell cytotoxicity. Zymomonas mobilis, a microorganism producing Fructan, was cultured in a medium containing 10％ sucrose and 2％ yeast extract as main components for 24 hours at 37$^{\circ}C$ and pH 7. Fructan was obtained by precipitation from the cultured medium by adding alcohol (alcohol ratio of 1:3) after removing the enzyme by centrifuging. Fructan exhibited almost same moisturizing effect as hyaluronic acid and cell proliferation effect on human fibroblast and keratinocyte as well. Moreover, on cell proliferation test on bio-artificial skin constructed by 3-dimensional(3-D) culture after inducing primary skin inflammation with 0.5％ sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), the 3-D artificial skin treated with 0.01 mg/ml, 0.05mg/ml of Fructan exhibited higher cell proliferation than the 3-D artificial skin treated with SLS only. On anti-inflammation test on 3-D artificial skin evaluated by measuring secreted quantity of interleukin-1$\alpha$ (IL-1$\alpha$) which is a pre-inflammatory mediator induced by SLS, the quantity of IL-1$\alpha$on the 3-D artificial skin treated with 0.01 mg/ml, 0.05mg/ml of Fructan was less than the one on the 3-D artificial skin treated with SLS only. As a result of these studies, Fructan has anti-inflammation effect against inflammatory reaction by a skin irritant as well as cell proliferation effect in bio-artificial skin. Fructan was also evaluated as a safe material without any toxicity in safety tests using fibroblasts and animals.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.119-124
• /
• 1988

The desmutagenic effects of ${\alpha}$-hydroxycarbonyl compounds, such as glyceraldehyde, glycolaldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, maltol, acetol and acetoin and ${\alpha}$-dicarbonyls, such as diacetyl, glyoxal, methyl glyoxal and 2, 3-pentanedione were investigated against the mutagenic heterocyclic amines, such as Trp-P-1, Trp-P-2, Glu-P-1, Glu-P-2 and IQ. Most of the carbonyl compounds suppressed the mutagenicity of heterocyclic amines for S. typhimurium TA98, ${\alpha}$-dicarbonyl compounds showing a higher desmutagenic effect than ${\alpha}$-hydroxycarbonyl compounds. Among the ${\alpha}$-hydroxycarbonyl compounds, glyceraldehyde, glycolaldehyde and dihy-droxyacetone showed more effective desmutagenicity, and diacetyl among the ${\alpha}$-dicabonyl compounds had the highest desmutagenic effect. These carbonyl compounds alone also showed mutagenicity to S. typhimurium TA100 without S-9 mix. The reaction of carbonyl compounds with mutagenic heterocyclic amines also eliminated the mutagenicity of the former for S. typhimurium TA100.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.151-155
• /
• 1998

Background and Objectives: Numerous studies were conducted to develop radiosensitizers to increase antitumor effect and decrease systemic toxicity of ionizing radiation. In current study, the authors tested the synergistic effect of mutant $TNF-{\alpha}(M_3S)$ with radiation therapy on heterotransplanted hypoparyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Materials and Method: SNU-1041 cell line was heterotransplanted to nude mice. When the tumors grew up to $70mm^3$ or more, the animals were randomly placed into 4 groups(n=10/group). Group I : 0.1ml of normal saline injected intraperitoneally once a day for 5 days. Group II : 10ug of $TNF-{\alpha}$ injected intraperitoneally once a day for 5 days. Group III : a single radiation dose of 10 Gy per animal delivered. Group IV : single radiation dose of 10 Gy was delivered 1 hour after intraperitoneal injection of $TNF-{\alpha}$ 10 ug. Results: Four weeks after treatment, group IV showed the least tumor growth during the 4 weeks follow up and the relative tumor growth rate(RTG) of each groups after 4 weeks were 31, 5.8, 10, and 3.2 respectively(p<0.05). Conclusion: These study suggests that pretreatment with $TNF-{\alpha}$ can significantly enhance the effects of radiation therapy and further studies may be needed for clinical trials of combination treatment of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and radiation.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.113-119
• /
• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Angelicae Gigantis Radix Water Extract(AG) on the production of proinflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide(LPS). Method : RAW 264.7 cells were cotreated with AG(50 and 100 ug/mL) and lipopolysaccharide(LPS; 1 ug/mL) for 24 hours. After 24 hour treatment, using Bead-based multiplex cytokine assay, concentrations of various cytokines such as interleukin(IL)-6, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-${\alpha}$), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor(G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor(GM-CSF), interferon inducible protein-10(IP-10), leukemia inhibitory factor(LIF), lipopolysaccharide-induced chemokine(LIX), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1), macrophage colony-stimulating factor(M-CSF), macrophage inflammatory protein(MIP)-$1{\alpha}$, MIP-$1{\beta}$, MIP-2, Regulated on Activation, Normal T cell Expressed and Secreted(RANTES) and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) were measured. Result : AG significantly inhibited LPS-induced production of TNF-${\alpha}$, MIP-$1{\alpha}$, G-CSF, RANTES, IL-10, and M-CSF from LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells at the concentrations of 50 and 100 ug/mL. AG significantly inhibited LPS-induced production of MIP-$1{\beta}$, MIP-2, GM-CSF, and IL-6 from LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells at the concentrations of 50 ug/mL. AG significantly inhibited LPS-induced production of VEGF from LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells at the concentrations of 100 ug/mL. But AG did not show any significant effect on the production of MCP-1, LIF, LIX, IP-10 and IL-$1{\beta}$ from LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusion : These results suggest that AG has anti-inflammatory effect related with its inhibition of proinflammatory mediators such as TNF-${\alpha}$, MIP-$1{\alpha}$, G-CSF, RANTES, IL-10, MIP-$1{\beta}$, MIP-2, GM-CSF, IL-6, VEGF and M-CSF in LPS-induced macrophages.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.48.1-48.1
• /
• 2013

It is known that the diffuse $H{\alpha}$ emission outside of bright H II regions not only are very extended, but also can occur in distinct patches or filaments far from H II regions, and the line ratios of [S II] ${\lambda}6716/H{\alpha}$ and [N II] ${\lambda}6583/H{\alpha}$ observed far from bright H II regions are generally higher than those in the H II regions. These observations have been regarded as evidence against the dust-scattering origin of the diffuse $H{\alpha}$ emission (including other optical lines), and the effect of dust scattering has been neglected in studies on the diffuse $H{\alpha}$ emission. However, as opposed to the previous contention, the expected dust-scattered $H{\alpha}$ halos surrounding H II regions are, in fact, in good agreement with the observed $H{\alpha}$ morphology. We find that the observed line ratios of [S II]/$H{\alpha}$, [N II]/$H{\alpha}$, and He I ${\lambda}5876/H{\alpha}$ in the diffuse ISM accord well with the dust-scattered halos around H II regions, which are photoionized by late O- and/or early B-type stars. We also demonstrate that the $H{\alpha}$ absorption feature in the underlying continuum from the dust-scattered starlight ("diffuse galactic light") and unresolved stars is able to substantially increase the [S II]/$H{\alpha}$ and [N II]/$H{\alpha}$ line ratios in the diffuse ISM.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.127-134
• /
• 2009

In the present study, we investigated the anti-allergic effect of the water extract of Bopyeoyangyeong-jun(BYJ) to cytokines and transcription. To investigate the biological effect of BYJ, We examined cytotoxicity and inflammatory cytokine secretion with RBL-2H3. We examined tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-$\alpha$), interleukin(IL)-4 secretion from RBL-2H3 cell after pre- treatment with Bopyeoyangyeong-jun of $1\;mg/m{\ell}$, $2\;mg/m{\ell}$. RBL-2H3 cell was stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate(PMA) and calcium ionophore A23187. We observed that Bopyeoyangyeong-jun reduced TNF-$\alpha$, IL-4 secretion and mRNA expression in RBL-2H3 cells. Moreover, the expression of levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 mRNA, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$) (p65) protein, ERK MAPK, and the degradation of level inhibitor kappa B-alpha ($I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$) were down-regulated by BYJ. Taken together, these results indicate that Bopyeoyangyeong-jun hascontrols TNF-$\alpha$, IL-4 secretion on allergic reaction.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.131-135
• /
• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the inhibitory effect of extracts from Paeoniae radix on postprandial hyperglycemia. Organic solvent (hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, water) extracts from Paeoniae radix were fractionated by high performance liquid chromatography. These fractions were used to screen $\alpha$-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) inhibitors by microplate colorimetric assay. The fractions 11, 12, 18, 19 of ethyl acetate extract from Paeoniae radix showed inhibitory activity by 85%, 84%, 77%, 77% at concentration of 20 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL, respectively. The selected fractions (no. 10~no. 19) significantly reduced by 22% the blood glucose elevation in comparison with positive control in mice loaded with maltose. The fractions of Paeoniae radix were determined in vitro inhibitory activity on $\alpha$-glucosidase and in vivo inhibition effect on blood glucose elevation in mice. Therefore, these results suggest that the extract of Paeoniae radix can be used as a new nutraceutial for inhibition on postprandial hyperglycemia as well as resource pool for lead compounds as a $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitor.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.86-95
• /
• 2003

Potential mechanisms by which vitamin E improves oxidative stability of myoglobin are documented. The basis by which this lipid-soluble antioxidant, ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, protects water-soluble oxymyoglobin is beginning to be understood. Recent evidence suggests that ${\alpha}$-tocopherol delays the release of prooxidative products of lipid oxidation from biomembranes, which in turn delays oxymyoglobin oxidation and the concomitant loss of desirable beef color. ${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$-Unsaturated aldehydes are one class of lipid oxidation products that enhance oxymyoglobin oxidation in vitro and appear to act by covalently binding to the protein. If ${\alpha}$-tocopherol delays the formation of these reactive aldehydes, then this could inhibit the prooxidative effect of these oxidation products toward oxymyoglobin. Additionally, ${\alpha}$-tocopherol may exert part of its color-stabilizing effect in beef by enhancing the metmyoglobin reduction.