• Anatomy and Cell Biology
• /
• v.57 no.2
• /
• pp.294-304
• /
• 2024

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasingly becoming more prevalent worldwide together with hospital care costs from secondary complications such as bone fractures. Femoral fracture risk is higher in diabetes. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the osteometric and microarchitecture of the femur of Zucker Diabetic Sprague-Dawley (ZDSD) femur. Ten-week-old male rats (n=38) consisting of 16 control Sprague-Dawley (SD) and 22 ZDSD rats were used. The rats were terminated at 20 weeks and others at 28 weeks of age to assess age, diabetes duration effects and its severity. Bilateral femora were taken for osteometry, bone mass measurements and micro-focus X-ray computed tomography scanning to assess the trabecular number (TbN), thickness (TbTh), spaces (TbSp), bone tissue volume to total volume (BV/TV) and volume (BV). Diabetic rats had shorter (except for 20-weeks-old), lighter, narrower, and less robust bones than SD controls that wered more robust. Although cortical area was similar in all diabatic and control rats, medullary canal area was the largest in ZDSD rats. This means that the diabetic rats bones were short, light and hollow. Diabetic rats aged 20 weeks had reduced BV, BV/TV, TbN with more spacing (TbSp). In contrast, the 28 weeks old diabetic rats only showed reduced BV and TbN. Discriminant function analysis revealed, for the first time, that osteometric parameters and TbTh, TbN, and TbSp were affected by diabetes. This knowledge is valuable in the management of diabetic complications.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.38-44
• /
• 1995

Metastatic bone tumor is the most common bone tumor and 32.5% of all primary malignant tumors are eventually metastasize to bone. Metastatic bone tumor has been more frequently encountered disease in the orthopedic fields due to the greater longevity of life of the patients with primary visceral cancers by major advances in early detection, diagnosis, and surgical/radiotherapeutic/chemotherapeutic treatment of primary and metastatic lesions. Therefore, the epidemiologic data about the incidences and the patterns of bone metastasis is important. We reviewed 417 patients who were diagnosed and treated for metastatic bone tumor at Kosin University Medical Center from 1985 to 1993 to analyse the primary lesion, age and sex distributions, location of bone metastasis, patterns of metastasis according to the primary. The results were as follows : 1. The common origin of bone metastasis were lung(29.5%), stomach(15.3%), breast(11.3%), unknown(7.7%), cervix(5.3%), liver(4.8%) in order of frequency. 2. There were 251 men and 166 women and their mean age was 54.8 years and the peak age incidence was in 6th decades. Most cases(85.3%) were occured beyond 5th decades. 3. The preferred sites of metastatic deposits were spine(64.0%), pelvis(40.5%), rib(38.8%), femur(36.7%), skull(21.1%), humerus(13.9%), scapula(13.0%) in order of frequency. In the spine, thoracic(42.1%), lumbar(39.1%), cervical(13.2%), sacral(5.6%) vertebrae were involved in order of frequency. 4. Multiple bone metastases were more common(73.1%) than single metastasis(26.9%). 5. In the lung cancer, the peak age incidence was 6th decades, and the preferred sites of bone metastasis were spine, pelvis, femur. 6. In the stomach cancer, the peak age incidence was 6th decades, and the preferred sites of bone metastasis were spine, femur, pelvis. 7. In the breast cancer, the peak age incidence was 5th decades, and the preferred sites of bone metastasis were spine, rib, pelvis. 8. In the bone metastasis with unknown primary site, the peak age incidence was 7th decades, the preferred sites of bone metastasis were spine, femur, pelvis, and the common histologic types were adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.297-302
• /
• 2011

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes a number of extraintestinal diseases in poultry. A virulence factor, P-fimbriae is firmly associated with the diseases. In this study, to develop an effective vaccine for the prevention of APEC, recombinant attenuatted Salmonella Typhimurium vaccines expressing PapA and PapG of P-fimbriae were evaluated whether these induced protective immune responses in murine models. Female BALB/c mice were primed and boosted orally at 7 and 10 weeks of age. In all immunized mice, the antigen-specific serum IgG levels were remained higher than those in the control mice from the fourth week post inoculation till the end of this study. In addition, antigen-specific serum IgG levels in the prime-booster immunized mice were enhanced as compared to the single immunized mice among each immunized group. The antigen-specific mucosal IgA levels in the mice immunized with each strain also induced higher than those in control mice. In addition, serum IgG and fecal IgA levels in mice administered with the combination of both strains were highly induced compared to those in mice immunized with each strain alone. These results indicated that PapA and PapG worked together for inducing high immune responses. To partly discern the nature of immunity induced by the strains, we quantified serum IgG subtypes IgG1 and IgG2a specific to antigens. The PapA and PapG strains biased the immunity to the Th1-type, as determined by the IgG2a/IgG1 ratio. On the other hand, the immunization with the both strains in combination produced mixed Th1- and Th2-type immune responses. These indicated that immunization with the combination of PapA and PapG could elicit both humoral and cell-mediated immunities.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.1-14
• /
• 2009

Purpose: Oxidative stress was thought to play a critical role in neurodegenerative disease. Many in vivo and in vitro reports explained the possible pathway of human aging. But in therapeutic aspects, there was no clear answers to prevent aging associated with neural diseases. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of the Insamyangyung-tang (IYT). Methods: To estimate the antioxidant effects, we carried out 1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, 2,2'-azinobis-(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6- sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical cation decolorization assay, and measurement of total polyphenolic content. To evaluate neuroprotective effect of IYT in vitro. We performed thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) creation in SH-SY5Y. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry, nitric oxide (NO) assay, and TNF-${\alpha}$ assay in primary rat mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Results: The $IC_{50}$ values were $571.6{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and $202.3{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ in DPPH and ABTS assay respectively. Total polyphenolic content was 1.05%. In SH-SY5Y culture, IYT significantly increased the decreased cell viability by 6-OHDA at the concentrations of $10{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ in pre-treatment group, $10-100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ in post-treatment group, and $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ in co-treatment group. The production of ROS induced by 6-OHDA was significantly inhibited in IYT treated group. In mesencephalic dopaminergic cell culture, the IYT group reduced the dopaminergic cell loss against 6-OHDA toxicity and the production of No and TNF-${\alpha}$ at the concentration of $0.2{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Conclusion: These results showed that IYT has antioxidant and neuroprotectctive effects in the dopaminergic cells through decreasing the production of ROS, NO and TNF-${\alpha}$ which can cause many neurodegenerative changes in brain cell.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.64-74
• /
• 2010

Background: The present study was undertaken to examine the immunological effects of pentabrominated diphenyl ether (penta-BDE) and decabrominated diphenyl ether (deca-BDE) on the immune system of the dams and the developmental immune system of the offsprings. Methods: In this study, mated female C57BL/6J mice were orally administered penta-BDE, deca-BDE or corn oil for 5 weeks, from gestational day 6 to lactational day 21. Results: The body weight of PND21 exposed to penta-BDE was significantly decreased relative to control mice, but that of post-natal day 63 (PND63) were recovered. Orally dosed dams with penta-BDE had significantly smaller absolute and relative spleen masses than control mice. Absolute and relative spleen and thymus masses of PND21 exposed to penta-BDE were significantly decreased over control. The exposure of dams and PND21 with penta-BDE reduced the number of splenocytes and thymocytes. As results of hematologic analysis, percentage WBC and percentage neutrophils increased in dams with deca-BDE. Splenic T cell proliferation in dams and PND21 exposed to penta-BDE was increased, and there were no significant difference in splenic B cell proliferation in all treatment groups. As results of flow cytometric analysis of splenocyte, percentage total T cell, Th cell and Tc cell in PND21 exposed to penta-BDE was slightly increased, and percentage macrophage in dams and PND21 exposed to deca-BDE was decreased. The ELISA results of antibody production show no significant difference in all treatment groups relative to controls. Conclusion: These results imply that PBDEs given to the dam were transferred to the offspring during gestation and lactation, and PBDEs transferred from the dam affect immune system of offspring.

• Proceedings of the Korean Biophysical Society Conference
• /
• 1999.06a
• /
• pp.61-62
• /
• 1999

;The mechanisms inducing hypertension are actively investigated and are still challenging topics. Basically hypertension must be caused by the disorder of $Ca^{2+}$ metabolism in vascular smooth muscle, such as the increase of $Ca^{2+}$ influx, the decrease of ci+ efflux, or the change of sensitivity of contractile protein etc. The one of cause of the increase of ci+ influx may be the change of ci+ channel activity. Even though the relationships of ci+ channel activity and hypertension were studied using various hypertension models, still it is not clear how much change of $Ca^{2+}$ channel activity in diabetes mellitus (DM) induced hypertension is occurred. We induced DM hypertension in SD rat and compared the $Ca^{2+}$ channel activity with age-matched normotensive SD rat. For inducing DM hypertension, left kidney was removed with 200 gm rat and, after 1 month, 60 mg/kg of streptozotocin was injected into peritoneal space to induce diabetes mellitus. Usually after 4-6 weeks, hypertension was fully induced. For isolating vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), we used mesenteric arteriole (3rd - 4th branch of mesenteric artery) of which diameter is below 150 urn. VSMCs were isolated enzymatically. $Ca^{2+}$ current was measured using whole cell patch clamp technique. All experiments were performed at $37^{\circ}C$. The cell membrane area of VSMC of DM hypertensive rat is larger than that of control VSMC($36.6{\pm}3.64{\;}pF{\;}vs{\;}22.4{\pm}1.29{\;}pF, {\;}mean{\pm}S.E.$) When we compared the current amplitude, the $Ca^{2+}$ current amplitude in VSMC of DM hypertensive rat is much larger than that in VSMC of normotensive age-matched rat. After $Ca^{2+}$ current amplitude was normalized by cell membrane area, the current amplitude in DM hypertension is increased to $249.1{\pm}15.9{\;}%{\;}(mean{\pm}S.E.M)$, which means the ;absolute current amplitude is about 4 times larger in DM hypertension. When we compared the steady state activation and inactivation. there were no noticeable differences. From these results. one of cause of the DM hypertension is due to the increase of $Ca^{2+}$ current amplitude. But it need further study why the $Ca^{2+}$ current is so large in VSMC of DM hypertension and how much $Ca^{2+}$ influx through $Ca^{2+}$ channel contribute to the increase of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ and eventually contribute to development of hypertension.ypertension.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.101-111
• /
• 2008

The fungal genus Alternaria is comprised of many saprophytic and endophytic species, but is most well known as containing many notoriously destructive plant pathogens. There are over 4,000 Alternaria/host associations recorded in the USDA Fungal Host Index ranking the genus 10th among nearly 2,000 fungal genera based on the total number of host records. While few Alternaria species appear to have a sexual stage to their life cycles, the majority lack sexuality altogether. Many pathogenic species of Alternaria are prolific toxin producers, which facilitates their necrotrophic lifestyle. Necrotrophs must kill host cells prior to colonization, and thus these toxins are secreted to facilitate host cell death often by triggering genetically programmed apoptotic pathways or by directly causing cell damage resulting in necrosis. While many species of Alternaria produce toxins with rather broad host ranges, a closely-related group of agronomically important Alternaria species produce selective toxins with a very narrow range often to the cultivar level. Genes that code for and direct the biosynthesis of these host-specific toxins for the Alternaria alternata sensu lato lineages are often contained on small, mostly conditionally dispensable, chromosomes. Besides the role of toxins in Alternaria pathogenesis, relatively few genes and/or gene products have been identified that contribute to or are required for pathogenicity. Recently, the completion of the A. brassicicola genome sequencing project has facilitated the examination of a substantial subset of genes for their role in pathogenicity. In this review, we will highlight the role of toxins in Alternaria pathogenesis and the use of A. brassicicola as a model representative for basic virulence studies for the genus as a whole. The current status of these research efforts will be discussed.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.317-332
• /
• 2004

Osteoblasts from alveolar bone may have an important role in the bone regeneration for periodontium, but their culture and characterization are not determined yet. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biological characteristics of primary explant cultured osteoblasts(PECO) from alveolar bone. Osteoblasts were isolated and cultured from alveolar socket of extracted tooth in children. To compare the characteristics, osteoblasts and gingival fibroblasts were cultured with DMEM at $37^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$, l00% humidity incubator, and human fetal osteoblasts cell line(hFOB1) were cultured with DMEM at $34^{\circ}C$, 5%, $CO_2$ 100% humidity incubator. To characterize the isolated bone cells, morphologic change, cell proliferation and differentiation were measured. Morphology of PECO was small round body or cuboidal shape on inverted microscope and was similar with hFOB1. PECO became polygonal shape with stellate and had an amorphous shape at 9th passage in culture. PECO had significantly higher activity than that of gingival fibroblasts and hFOB1 in alkaline phosphatase activity. The expression of osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein in PECO was notably increased when compared with hFOB1 and gingival fibroblasts. These result indicated that PECO from alveolar bone in children has an obvious characteristics of osteoblast, maybe applied for the regeneration of bone.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.147-151
• /
• 2017

Potentially lethal damage repair (PLDR) in HFL-I was investigated by delayed plating experiments. The surviving fraction data were fitted to the linear Quadratic equation ($LogSn=-n{\gamma}({\alpha}d+{\beta}d^2$) where ${\gamma}=1$ for immediate plating). And a repair factor ${\gamma}$ was developed to compare survival for immediate and delayed plating. When we only took into account the repair factor of PLDR ${\gamma}$ which was derived from the delay assay, the cell survival response th fractionated carbon ion irradiation was not fully matched. This gap suggested that consideration of another repair process is necessary. So this suggests that the various repair process plays an important role in the fractionated irradiations.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.392-398
• /
• 2007

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration in the skin. This study was performed to assess the therapeutic effects of YHYBT on the DNCB-induced dermatitis in NC/Nga mice, characterized by the onset of AD along with an increase the number of Th2 cells and dysregulation of inflammaroty mediators including cytokines and chemokines. YHYBT administration significantly reduced clinical dermatitis severity including pruritus, edema, eczematous and erythema. Histological findings indicated that the thickening of epidermis/dermis and dermal infiltration of inflammatory cells including mast cells were dramatically reduced. The suppression of dermatitis by YHYBT was accompanied by a decrease in the total number of immune cells in drained lymph node (DLN) and skin. Especially CD3+, CD4+ and CD3+CD69+ T cells in PBMC and DNL were greatly reduced. The level of IL-4 in CD3/CD28 activated splenocyte was downregulated, whereas that of IFN-'처리불가‘ was increased. Furthermore, the expression of eotaxin2 and CCR3 in skin were significanlty decreased. These data suggest that YHTBT may be effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of AD.