• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.454-463
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among the anthropometric measurements, body composition indices, biochemical indices and serum leptin level of obese school children. The study was conducted on 97 elementary school children from 4-5th grade residing in Daegu and Kyungbuk area. Obesity was defined as fat percentage that exceed 25% of body fat mass. The prevalence of obesity of subject was 58.3% for male and 54.1% for female. The mean value of height, weight, body composition indices and biochemical indices of obese group were significantly higher than those of control group. The leptin level was significantly different in obese group but showed no difference by gender. The differences of leptin level were according to adiposity and BMI in obese subjects. Multiple regression analysis data showed that the BMI and body fat mass may influence on the leptin level of subject. Also, these data revealed the leptin resistance in obese children and relationship between leptin level and various factors including anthropometric measurements, body composition and biochemical indices. Additional research should be necessary to assess the mechanism of leptin resistance in obese children.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.64-73
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• 2000

There are several candidate genes in genetic study of alcoholism. Among them, allelic associations have been reported between MAOA CA repeat polymorphism and alcohol dependence, recently. And also, several studies have been investigated genotype-phenotype relationships between MAOA CA repeat polymorphism and clinical manifestations. The authors tried to identify differences in allelic frequency of MAOA CA repeat polymorphism between alcohol dependence and controls, and in behavioral trait and clinical characteristics according to MAOA CA repeat polymorphism. We also tried to investigate genotype-phenotype relationships between MAOA CA repeat polymorphism and behavioral trait such as aggression. We examined 49 male patients with alcohol dependence(DSM-IV) who had been admitted in Yong-In Mental Hospital from June 1st 1998 to October 31th 1998. We performed semistructured interview for demographic and clinical characteristics. Self-report questionnaire for BDHI(Buss-Durkey Hostility Inventory) was given to all subject at least 4weeks later after admission. Using polymerase chain reaction and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, MAOA CA repeat polymorphism were observed in 52 male controls and 49 male patients with alcohol dependence. We devided alcoholic patients into two groups according to allelic length of MAOA CA repeat polymorphism ; alcoholics with short alleles(${\leq}$119bp, N=20) and alcoholics with long alleles(${\geq}$123bp, N=29). T-test, ${\chi}^2$-test and Fisher exact probability test were used for statistical analysis. There were no significant differences in frequency of each allele and short and long alleles of MAOA CA repeat polymorphism between alcoholics and controls. But there were significant differences in clinical symptoms and behavioral trait between alcoholics with short and long alleles. In clinical symptoms, alcoholics with long alleles used alcohol more frequently during one month before admission, had much more maximum amount of beer drinking and reported withdrawal seizure more frequently than with short alleles. In contrary, alcoholics with short alleles expressed depressed mood and guilty feeling more frequently and wanted complete abstinence as a treatment goal more frequently than with long alleles. In behavioral trait, alcoholics with long alleles had higher total aggression score and showed much more self-assertive attitude(subscale of expression of aggression) than with short alleles. Allelic length of MAOA CA repeat polymorphism was correlated with self-assertive attitude and accounted for 9% of the variance of self-assertive attitude. And also, predictable variables of allelic length of MAOA CA repeat polymorphism were drinking frequency and self-assertive attitude. Our findings suggest that MAOA CA repeat polymorphism may provide some behavior modifying role especially in self-assertive attitude and indirect symptom modifying role in Korean male alcoholics.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2006

It has been passed more than 50 years of the history of music therapy on school aged children since there had been enforced the 'Education for All Handicapped Children Ace' in United states 1975, which had made an important role of music therapist augmented. In the case of South Korea, through reforming the law on March 2005 that therapist educator has to be allocated on the special class in general school, at least, patrol teacher is charged on that, which made possible to start music therapy as initial stage was realized in realistic way on the spot of school. This research has primary concerns as following. The one thing is intended that figuring the opinions of special educators and music therapists involved with the music therapy in elementary school. And the other thing is intended that making a investigation of actual condition on the spot of existing school, moreover, pinpointing at issue and suggesting the change for the better than now. In order to undertake theses intentions, I examined preceding researches and existing data, distributed the questionnaire involved the music therapy of elementary school to the people who are composed of special educators-65 persons and music therapists-30 persons from 18th October to second of November, and analyzed collected by descriptive statistics. According to the analyzed results, it says that special educator and music therapist know well about the necessity of music therapy in elementary school and its effectiveness is manifested in positive way. Moreover, in order to systemize and promote a program of music therapy, what is most urgent thing is the completion of instrument and music therapy room and there are needed strong supports at the level of nation and institution. It has become pervasive on the demand of therapy education by parents in all of the places involved with disabled children such as special school, special class, local welfare community, and early education. This research shows that how therapy and education was connected as music therapy on the spot of the elementary school, and the necessity of the education of music therapy.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.205-226
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• 2018

For sustainable development of air transport, the establishment and application of international standards of environmental protection area is significant. The development and use of alternative fire extinguishing agent to Halon, which is used for the fire extinguishing systems of engine nacelles/APU and cargo compartments, has been requested in order to protect the ozone layer. The ICAO has been active in preparing international standards and recommended practices (SARPs); however, certification of alternative fire extinguishing agents has been postponed due to technical readiness problem.. Consequently, the implementation of SARPs has also been postponed by two years from the end of 2016. to the end of 2018. As such consequences have caused confusion among Member States regarding its implementation, it is necessary to discuss and pay more attention to this issue. ICAO Council and Air Navigation Commission should consider between setting the implementation time frame earlier or giving enough time for mature readiness and preparedness. Also in order to minimize the unnecessary discharge of Halon owned by Member States, it is necessary to consider efficient management methodologies; for example, requesting fire extinguisher manufacturers to recharge in professional ways. For the successful implementation of the SARPs, ICAO developed an implementation task list as including notification of differences, establishment of a national implementation plan, drafting of the modification to the national regulations and means of compliance, adoption of the national regulations and means of compliance. Member States can develop their own rule making process in reference with the ICAO implementation task list. This issue was presented and discussed during the 54th Conference of Directors General of civil aviation, Asia and Pacific Regions which was held in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia in 2017 with significant attention among participated Contacting States. In this regards, ICAO Council and Air Navigation Commission should consult with Legal Bureau lawyers regarding SARPs preparing process to eliminate difficulties and confusions for proper implementation within effective date.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.235-244
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• 2017

'Manbaek' is a bacterial blight resistant mid-late maturing rice cultivar with high grain quality. 'Manbeak' was derived from anther culture using the backcross combination, $Hopum^*2/SR30075$. 'Hopum' is a mid-late maturing rice cultivar with high grain quality and 'SR30075' is a pyramid line carrying three bacterial blight resistance genes. 'Manbaek' was selected through the pedigree method, yield trials, and local adaptability tests. 'Manbeak' carrying two bacterial blight resistance gene Xa3 and xa5 showed high-level and broad-spectrum resistance against bacterial blight. 'Manbaek' was resistant to K3a, mostly virulent race in Korea, and exhibited resistance reaction against 16 Korean bacterial blight isolates. 'Manbaek' was a mid-late maturing rice. The heading date of 'Manbaek' was August 19th, which was 5 days later than that of 'Nampyeong'. Manbaek' was a lodging-tolerant rice with short culm and dark green leaf. Due to the low viviparous germination, 'Manbaek' could be a useful material to prevent pre-harvest sprouting. 'Mabeak' was resistant to bacterial blight and rice stripe virus, but susceptible to other virus diseases and insect pests. The yield of 'Manbaek' was similar to 'Nampyeong'. 'Manbaek' showed excellent grain appearance and good tastes of cooked rice, so that it could contribute to improving the quality of bacterial blight resistant cultivars. 'Manbaek', bacterial blight resistant cultivar with high grain quality, is suitable for the cultivation at bacterial blight prone area and has been utilized in the breeding programs for enhancing the resistance against bacterial blight (Registration No. 6069).

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.18-41
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• 2017

The Gangjin WolnamSaji(月南寺址) is a small site where three-story pagodas and a destroyed tombstone remained. In 1973, it was discovered that the destroyed tombstone was that of the second master of Susunsa, Hye shim(慧諶), who had a special relationship with the military regime in Goryeo, and it once again attracted attention as a result of the recent excavation of the Rooftile of Yeonhwamun(蓮花文). In particular, the Windchime excavated in 2012 is a large-sized one group with a length of 23cm, and a relatively large Sanskrit character was decorated on four sides of the body. In addition, it was also confirmed in preservation process that the word 'gaecheon(盖天)' was engraved. The Sanskrit characters(梵字) om( , oṃ), a( , a), hum( , hūṃ), brum( , bhrūṃ) were decorated on the body of the Wind-chime excavated in WolnamSaji. Om( , oṃ), a( , a), hum( , hūṃ) are known as the Sammiljineon(三密眞言) and brum( , bhrūṃ) has the meaning of having the highest honor. In addition, the Sammiljineon(三密眞言) allows us to understand the truth by responding to the principle of universe, which is the Vairocana Buddha(毘盧遮那佛), and brum( , bhrūṃ) has the meaning of unity. In the end, the meaning of the Sanskrit decorating the four sides of the Wind-chime, of WolnamSaji(月南寺址), can be interpreted as the expression of the Buddha's doctrine, or the willingness to be combined with Buddha, the highest existence in itself. It is possible that the word 'gaecheon(盖天)' carved on the body can be regarded as the name of the master craftsman related to the making of the Wind-chime, but it is unlikely that it is the name of the master craftsman, considering that it is a place where the location is not easily seen. If so, you can think of the original function that the Wind-chime has. In other words, it can be interpreted symbolically and implicitly that the wish of the sound of the airwaves symbolized by the words of the Buddha covers the sky and spreads all over the place. It is thought that the Wind-chime excavated in WolnamSaji(月南寺址) was made in the mid to late 13th century considering the comparisons with another wind-chime excavated from the temple site, the historical situation in the late Goryeo, the publication date of the scriptures(經典) of Esoteric Buddhism(密敎).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.319-327
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• 2023

This study involved 22 students in one class of 4th year science intensive course at B College of Education. We investigated the changes in the acquisition of knowledge in the field of geology and the perception of geological exploration among pre-service teachers. For this study, a period of four weeks was designated for a semester to a geological field trip. For the geological exploration, the Geoparks of City B (Geumjeongsan Mountain, Amnam Park, Igidae, Dusong Peninsula, Jangsan, Taejongdae, and Hwangnyeongsan Mountain) were designated. The concept of geology and rocks has been extracted from the concepts that can be found in the Geopark. The composition of the group was composed of one group of four members autonomously. The other two of the pre-service teachers joined a group of friends with whom they had an affinity. After the geological field trip, the materials were organized by group and PPT presentations were made during the lecture time where all the members could listen. The extent to which the pre-service teachers acquired the concepts of geology and rocks after conducting the geological field trip was interpreted as the result of pre- and post-statistical processing. In addition, we interpreted what kind of perception the pre-service teachers had after the geological field trip as a result of the statistical processing before and after. Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions were drawn: First, it was effective for the pre-service teachers to acquire the concepts of strata and rocks after the geological field trip. The reason for this is that the experience of the pre-service teachers in conducting geological field trips has changed their perception of geological field trips. In addition, it is interpreted that these results were obtained because the pre-service teachers had a high level of interest in geology and rocks. Second, the pre-service teachers were able to gain confidence after the geological field trip. This reason is interpreted as the fact that they were able to gain confidence in geological exploration by exploring and experiencing the sites of the Geopark for each group.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.311-318
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• 2009

Nymphal development, adult longevity, and oviposition of six different species of stink bugs were compared on seeds of a soybean cultivar, Taekwangkong, and two mung bean cultivars, Kyungseonnogdu and Jangannogdu in the insect rearing room ($28{\pm}2^{\circ}C$, 16L:8D). Nymphs of six species of stink bugs normally developed on Taekwangkong seed. While nymphs of Riptortus clavatus, Halyomorpha halys, and Dolycoris baccarum developed on seeds of Kyungseonnogdu and Jangannogdu normally, all nymphs of Plautia stali, Piezodorus hybneri and Nezara antennata died after 4th instars on Kyungseonnogdu and after 3rd instars on Jangannogdu. Each instar period tended to be increased as nymphal stages were progressed. Nymphal period was shortest on Taekwangkong seed, followed by Kyungseonnogdu and Jangannogdu, irrelevant to stink bugs species. Emergence rate, adult longevity, and preoviposition period of 6 stink bugs were different depending on the reared seeds. Of 6 different species examined, Riptortus clavatus, Halyomorpha halys, and Dolycoris baccarum which fed on Jangannodu did not emerge, Plautia stali, Piezodorus hybneri, and Nezara antennata which fed on Jangannodu did not oviposit.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.223-228
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of vitamin E on the cadmium contents of bone and on the calcium and phosphorous contents of the blood, urine and feces. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 100$\pm$10g were randomly assigned to one normal group and three cadmium poisoned groups. The cadmium poisoned groups consisted of a vitamin E free diet (Cd-0E) group; a 40 mg vitamin E /kg diet (Cd-40E) group; and a 400 mg/kg diet (Cd-400E) group. Experimental animals were maintained on their respective diets for 20 weeks and were simultaneously administered 50 ppm $Cd^{2+}$ dissolved in the drinking water. At the end of the trial, the average hematocrit value in the Cd-0E group was 28.13% lower than in the normal group. However, the average hematocrit value in the Cd-400E group was significantly higher than in the Cd-0E and Cd-40E groups. WBC levels in the cadmium-poisoned groups were lower than in the normal group, but Cd-400E group levels were significantly higher than in the Cd-0E and Cd-40E groups. The contents of calcium of tibia has no significant difference between normal group and cadmium exposed group at $10^{th}$ week After 20 weeks, the calcium contents of the tibia in the Cd-0E and Cd-40E groups were lower than in the normal group by 25.5% and 22.1 %, respectively, although the calcium contents of the tibia in the Cd-400E group were higher than in the normal group. After 10 weeks, the calcium contents of the femur in the Cd-0E and Cd-40E groups were 19.25% and 15.45% lower than in the normal group, respectively, but the calcium contents of the femur in the Cd-400E group were at the same levels as in the normal group. The levels of calcium in the femur after 20 weeks were similar to the 10-week levels. Calcium levels of the urine in the Cd-0E and Cd-40E groups were 3.92 fold and 2.92 fold higher, respectively, than in the normal group, but levels in the Cd-400E group were significantly lower than in either the Cd-0E group or the Cd-40E group. Calcium levels of the feces in cadmium-poisoned groups were significantly higher than in the normal group, although levels in the Cd-400E group were significantly lower than in the Cd-0E and Cd-40E groups. Phosphorous levels of the blood in the Cd-0E group were 17% lower than in the normal group, although levels in the Cd-400E group were significantly higher than in the Cd-0E group. Phosphorous levels of the urine in the Cd-0E and Cd-40E groups were significantly higher than in the normal group, while Cd-400E group levels were found to be at the same level as in the normal group. Cadmium contents of the tibia in the Cd-40E and Cd-400E groups were 13% and 17% lower, respectively, than in the Cd-0E group. Regarding cadmium levels in the femur, only the Cd-400E group achieved lower levels (10% lower) than the Cd-0E group. In conclusion, vitamin E supplementation resulted in a suppression of the release of calcium from bone, and a reduction in the excretion of calcium via the urine and feces, thus having a normalizing effect on calcium metabolism in rats with chronic cadmium poisoning.

• The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.71-91
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is investigate what effects of counseling program using children's poem on maladapted children in school on the children's self-esteem and school adjustment. For this, counseling programs using children's poem was developed and this counseling sessions were implemented to maladapted children in school and the research question to analyze the effect is as follows. First, what effect does the counseling program using children's poem have on the improvement of self-esteem of the maladapted children in school? Secondly, what effect does the counseling program using children's poem have on the school life of the maladapted children in school? The research target were maladapted children in school who are enrolled in the 4th grade in Elementary school. Through two different case studies, these students were selected after reflecting the opinions of the students' current homeroom teacher, parents, and friends. The counseling program using children's poem were conducted from June 2010 to July 2010, twice a week for a total number of 12 sessions. Each session consisted of 40 minutes and client's change process was explored. Through the counseling program using children's poem, this study collected data and examined the effectiveness of the program through comparing the results of the evaluated results of the language and behavior the target children responded, depth interviews with parents, friends, and teachers, behavior observation checklist, and the pre and post test results of the measurement tools. The results of this study is as follows. First, the counseling program using children's poem improved the self-esteem of the maladjusted child in school. Especially, among the sub-region of self-esteem, it was able to improve the domestic, social and academic self-esteem. Secondly, the counseling program using children's poem had a positive effect on the school adjustment of the maladjusted child in school. Among the sub-region of school adjustment, it had a positive change in the teacher relationships, peer relationships, and attitude. In addition, children's poem which was the reading material for the counseling program using children's poem was proven to work effectively in the counseling progress. Recitation and content of the children's poem promoted self-open of the client and as a result, it had a positive effect on improving relations with the counselor and this became the media that led to a successful counseling session. Therefore, I anticipate that this counseling program using children's poem will be actively used in counseling sessions through applying the results of this study and after revising the program so the counseling program could have a more efficient effect on self-esteem and school adjustment.