• Journal of radiological science and technology
• /
• v.45 no.6
• /
• pp.543-552
• /
• 2022

This study compared and analyzed with the United States(USA) to evaluated the level of readability of radiotherapy information (English text) provide to foreign patients with cancer by medical institutions in South Korea (KOR). A total of 20 the KOR and USA medical hospitals in 10 each provide information for radiation therapy technology were selected. The readability was comparatively analyzed a total of three aspects (lexical, syntactic, cohesion and readability) by using a Coh-Metrix on-line web program. In readability respect, the mean of the Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) was lower in the KOR (8.3) than in the USA (23.2), Flesch-Kincaid grade level (FKGL) was higher in the KOR than in the USA (14.2) indicating that KOR was less readable than the US (p<.05). In both KOR and USA, the reading level (literacy) of the English text for the radiation therapy was found to be higher than high school (FRE level 50 or lower). Therefore, text information in English for the radiation therapy to foreign patients with cancer should be lowered to elementary school level and read to improve the quality of medical services.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.208-214
• /
• 2009

In this study, we examined the effects of background and underline on the readability of displayed text. The background was placed on every other line and the underline was done with every line of the text. The effect of adding color to the background and underline was also of primary concern. Twenty subjects were tested on their reading efficiency (i.e. time-to-read and comprehension) and subjective preference of different text format presented on a LCD. Result showed that for the background condition, the background with green format significantly decreased the time-to-read as compared to the format without any background. The results of ANOVA on comprehension and subjective preference were also consistent with this finding. For the underline condition, otherwise, the underline with yellow format yielded higher speed and better comprehension. The results imply that adding background or underlines with appropriate colors can be an additional and useful way of improving text readability.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.95 no.1
• /
• pp.12-22
• /
• 2006

Understanding the readability of texts in signs is necessary to enhance the communication effectiveness of the self-guided interpretive signs. This study compared signs' readability by different text attributes. A total of 1391 respondents participated in the questionnaire survey at the 'Neodeolgeong' area in Mudeung-Mountain Provincial Park during September-November of 2004. This study found that 'Hy Gyunmyungjo' in letter style, 'both-side' in letter justification, 190% (HWP 2002) in space between lines, 10 (HWP 2002) in space between letters, and 25 in the number of letters in a line showed the highest readability in text size 58 point, respectively. This study illustrated an example of an interpretive sign made up by combing the five text attributes which show the highest readability. This study also discussed the interpretive signs' text design and future research questions.

• Archives of design research
• /
• v.19 no.4 s.66
• /
• pp.51-60
• /
• 2006

Nowadays, reading text from screens is prevailing in everyday life. The advent of mobile information devices such as a cellular phone, PDA, and e-book reader facilitates us to enjoy various text-based contents any time and anywhere. Most studies comparing screen and paper readability show that screens are less readable than paper. Furthermore, the decrease of line length and number of lines that can be displayed on the screen of mobile information devices deteriorate text readability. This study investigated parameters affecting text readability on small screens and designed a new text layout to improve readability. We suggested a diagonally splitted layout of rectangular column, which is supposed to facilitate eye movement to trace text flow with ease. The experiment comparing readability between a traditional rectangular column and a diagonally splitted column was conducted. The result of experiment revealed that there is no significant difference between the two text layouts in terms of subjective satisfaction of reading task and a level of comprehension. However, in the screen size of $4000mm^2\;and\;8000mm^2$, reading speed was increased 18.9% and 34.0% respectively from a traditional rectangular column to a diagonally splitted column. We conducted a consecutive experiment to scrutinize the cause that improved the performance in readability task remarkably. The readability of text in a traditional rectangular column was compared with a left triangular column and a right triangular column in the condition of $4000mm^2/3:1$ ratio screen. The performance measurements revealed that participants read 21.1% and 67.6% faster respectively with the left triangular column and right triangular column than with the rectangular column. In consequence, the improvement of readability in the diagonally splitted column was attributed mainly to the increase of reading speed in the right triangular column. This research verified that the diagonally splitted column improve text readability on a small screen and this result is expected to make a contribution to designing an efficient text layout for mobile information devices

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
• /
• v.15 no.5
• /
• pp.1891-1908
• /
• 2021

Cyber deception defense mitigates Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) with deploying deceptive entities, such as the Honeyfile. The Honeyfile distracts attackers from valuable digital documents and attracts unauthorized access by deliberately exposing fake content. The effectiveness of distraction and trap lies in the enticement of fake content. However, existing studies on the Honeyfile focus less on this perspective. In this work, we seek to improve the enticement of fake text content through enhancing its readability, indistinguishability, and believability. Hence, an enticing deceptive-content generator, EDGE, is presented. The EDGE is constructed with three steps: extracting key concepts with a semantics-aware K-means clustering algorithm, searching for candidate deceptive concepts within the Word2Vec model, and generating deceptive text content under the Integrated Readability Index (IR). Furthermore, the readability and believability performance analyses are undertaken. The experimental results show that EDGE generates indistinguishable deceptive text content without decreasing readability. In all, EDGE proves effective to generate enticing deceptive text content as deception defense against APTs.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.1-24
• /
• 2012

It has long been shown that Korean EFL students have not practiced extensive reading in school curriculum. Their vocabulary knowledge is limited and a tool for measuring text readability for them has hardly been developed and used. The study aimed to check the current situations on the above issues and develop a reading framework appropriate for extensive reading within the national English curriculum, including the Readability Formula in Korean EFL contexts (KRF). The study consists of four steps. The study does a survey to check the current Korean EFL situations on the issues, suggests a new vocabulary learning size, develops a readability formula as a tool for measuring text difficulty based on the newly suggested vocabulary size, and finally validates the formula with various kinds of English books, including the primary and secondary school English textbooks. It is expected that this study will provide a model for the vocabulary size and the readability index for extensive reading in EFL contexts.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.65-70
• /
• 2021

This paper proposes a method for designing a large recording script for open domain English speech synthesis. For read-aloud style text, 12 domains and 294 sub-domains were designed using text contained in five different news media publications. For conversational style text, 4 domains and 36 sub-domains were designed using movie subtitles. The final script consists of 43,013 sentences, 27,085 read-aloud style sentences, and 15,928 conversational style sentences, consisting of 549,683 tokens and 38,356 types. The completed script is analyzed using four criteria: word coverage (type coverage and token coverage), high-frequency vocabulary coverage, phonetic coverage (diphone coverage and triphone coverage), and readability. The type coverage of our script reaches 36.86% despite its low token coverage of 2.97%. The high-frequency vocabulary coverage of the script is 73.82%, and the diphone coverage and triphone coverage of the whole script is 86.70% and 38.92%, respectively. The average readability of whole sentences is 9.03. The results of analysis show that the proposed method is effective in producing a large recording script for English speech synthesis, demonstrating good coverage in terms of unique words, high-frequency vocabulary, phonetic units, and readability.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.15 no.5
• /
• pp.648-655
• /
• 2010

This study is attempted to propose a quality evaluation method of the materials for nutrition education by applying readability test of printed materials for nutrition education. It is significantly important for the teaching class with nutrition education materials to consider students understanding level and education materials topics or choosing words in developed printed materials. This study performed an evaluation of the readability of text in teachers' guidebook, which is devised for elementary school students' education material about sugar, sodium and trans-fat and attempted to estimate the developing materials through analyzing difficulty level of the text. We utilized "The Teacher's Guidebook for Cooking Activity" that had been developed for elementary school by Ministry Education Science and Technology, as the readability evaluation standard. Compared with the average score of readability about "The Teacher's Guidebook for Cooking Activity", $72.94{\pm}6.85$, "Sugar Guidebook" was 70.94{\pm}7.46, "Sodium Guidebook" was $68.76{\pm}14.50$, and "Trans-fat Guidebook" was $58.87{\pm}10.79$. Considering the subjects careers or ages, "The Teacher's Guidebook for Cooking Activity" has little deviation by the subjects careers or ages and was "intermediate" or "easy" level; however, "Sugar Guidebook", "Sodium Guidebook", "Trans-fat Guidebook" was "intermediate" or "difficult" level (p < 0.05). Readability score was especially low when the contents of some particular subjects were too professionalized or scientific terms were frequently used, and thes results were definitely seen in the "Sodium Guidebook" and "Trans-fat Guidebook". With Cloze test score, the readability evaluation will be using as an evaluation tool for the nutrition education materials.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.21-33
• /
• 2007

The study investigates the effects of luminance contrast, which is the contrast between text color and background color, on readability in VDT environments. Our research goals are to prove that the relationship between luminance contrast and readability is not linear and to explore the best luminance contrast level for optimal readability. We conducted two pretests before the main experiment to determine the operational readability and luminance contrast levels. We also conducted a controlled main experiment, in which luminance contrast, reading amount and screen size were tested in terms of its relation with readability. The results of the main experiment indicate that the readability has a non-linear relation with luminance contrast, and the optimal readability is obtained when the contrast is equal to 0.951. Furthermore, the non-linear function and optional point stay constant regardless of screen size and reading amount. The paper ends with implications of the results that maximal contrast does not always mean the optimal readability.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
• /
• v.22 no.3 s.57
• /
• pp.213-232
• /
• 2005

The purpose of this study is to determine factors affecting text difficulty and to model objective formulas which measure readability scores. Some readability-related factors such as total number of letters, total number of syllables, total number of unique syllables, total number of sentences and total number of paragraphs were found through correlation analysis. Some regression equations with these factors as their variables were produced through regression analysis. A model estimating readability score from total number of unique syllables was a good formula, while a model with two factors, total number of unique syllables and new syllable occurrence ratio, was a better enhanced one. The readability score represents detailed level so we can recommend students read texts corresponding to their reading levels.