• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.111-125
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• 2012

광양항의 컨테이너 물동량은 인천항이나 평택 당진항에 비해 더딘 증가를 보이고 있으며, 부단위당 부가가치가 낮고 중국시장을 제대로 활용하지 못하고 있다. 광양항은 다른 두 항에 비해 환율계수와 경기계수가 크게 낮아 환율변동과 경기변동에 가장 작은 영향을 받게 되고 그에 따라 경기와 환율의 긍정적 변동을 이용하는데 가장 서투른 항만임을 보인다. 오차수정방정식을 도출하여 오차수정계수가 광양항에서 가장 작아서 적정 물동량 수준에 이르지 못할 경우 물동량 수준으로 돌아가는데 다른 두 항만에 비해 크게 떨어진다는 것을 밝힌다. 이것은 광양항이 다른 두 항만에 비해 물동량 확보능력이 부족하다는 것과, 물동량 부족이 발생할 경우 그것이 오래 지속될 수 있다는 것을 의미한다. 충격반응함수를 이용하여 경기충격이 광양항에 대해 가장 낮은 반응을 야기하여 경기상승에 따른 물동량 증가가 가장 적을 것이라는 것을 밝힌다. 마지막으로 2012년과 2013년의 물동량을 개입-승법계절 ARIMA 모형을 통해 예측하여 광양항은 2012년과 2012년 전년 대비 2.6%, 3.1% 증가하는데 비해, 인천항 6.8%, 8.1%, 평택 당진항 24.2%, 10.3%가 증가하여, 2012년에는 인천항과 물동량 차이가 거의 없는 수준으로 좁혀지고 2013년에는 비교적 큰 차이로 인천항이 광양항을 앞설 것이라는 것을 보인다. 경제적 또는 경제외적 요인의 변화에 대한 광양항의 적응능력이 타 항만에 비해 떨어지고, 그에 따라 다른 항만에 추월당할 상태에 처하고 있다는 것을 밝힌다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.224-228
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• 2001

DA-5018, a recently synthesized capsaicin analog, appears to possess potent analgesic activity when administered topically. The objective of this study is to test the feasibility of the topical administration of this compound. Specifically, our goal was to identify vehicle system that permit a reasonable transdermal permeation of the compound in mice. Among the vehicles examined, isopropyl myristate (IPM) showed the largest in vitro permeability across the intact skin (83.6 ${\pm}$ 5.42${\mu}$l/$\textrm{cm}^2$/h ). However, due to the limited solubility of DA-5018 in IPM (0.53 mg/ml), the maximal flux from the IPM medium remained at only 44.3 ${\pm}2.87{\mu}$g/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr. In order to increase the flux, addition of better solvents for DA-5018 was attempted, under the assumption that flux is the result of both solubility and permeability. Ethoxydiglycol (EG) and oleic acid (OA) were selected as examples of food solvents. The addition of IC or OA to IPM at a 1:1 volume ratio resulted in a comparable increase in the solubility of the compound (i.e., to 61.1 and 50.2 mg/ml for EG and OA, respectively). However, the addition of EG at a 1:1 volume ratio, for example, increased the flux 6.3 fold (i.e., $279{\mu}$g/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr), while OA, at a 1:1 volume ratio, decreased the flux 5 fold (i.e., $9.26{\mu}$g/$\textrm{cm}^2$//hr). The mechanism of this discrepancy between EG and OA was investigated by measuring the permeabilty of DA-5018 across the stratum corneum-removed skin of the mouse, under the hypothesis that the viable skin layer may serve as a barrier for the permeation of lipophilic substances such as DA 5018. The permeability of DA-5018, from the medium of EG or OA, across the viable skin differed greatly for EG ($0.41{\mu}$l/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr) and OA ($0.086{\mu}$l/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr), suggesting that a higher permeability across the viable skin layer is needed for the second solvents. The maximum flux across the intact skin was achieved for DA-5018 when EG was added to IPM at a 1:1 volume ratio. Thus, the use of a binary system appears to be the best approach for realizing the transdermal delivery of DA-5018 at a reasonable rate.

• 초등상담연구
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.263-284
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of game-centered empathy training on the prosocial behaviors of elementary schoolers in a bid to suggest how their prosocial behaviors could be boosted. The research questions were posed as below: 1. Does game-based empathy training improve the overall empathy of school children? 2. Does game-based empathy training have a better effect on the cognitive empathy of school children or their emotional empathy? 3. Does game-based empathy training enhance the prosocial behaviors of school children? The subjects in this study were 62 children in their fourth year of D elementary school in Eumseong-gun, north Chungcheong province. They were divided into an experimental group and a control group, and a survey was conducted before and after the experimental group under-went empathy training for about six weeks. The instrument used in this study was David(1980)'s Interpersonal Reactivity Index adopted by Park Sung-hee(1996) to suit school children. Another instrument was Park Sung-hee (1997)'s inventory to assess the prosocial behaviors of children. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS 10.0 for Windows program, and reliability analysis and t-test were employed. The findings of the study were as follows: First, as for the effects of the game-based empathy training on the overall empathy of the elementary school youngsters that included both emotional and cognitive empathy, both groups got lower scores in posttest than in pretest. The experiment produced unexpected results, as the experimental group got significantly lower scores. This fact indicated that the game-based empathy training was ineffective. Second, the game-centered empathy training didn't exercise any influences on their cognitive and emotional empathy. The experiment had a reverse impact on the cognitive and emotional empathy of the experimental group, which implied that the training served as a factor to deteriorate the two types of empathy, and the hypothesis posed in this study was rejected. Therefore, which type of empathy could make a better progress by being exposed to the training couldn't definitely be determined. Third, the game-based empathy training didn't serve to Improve the prosocial behaviors of the elementary schoolers. There was no change in the experimental group, and this fact signified that there's something wrong with the attempt to develop school children's empathy to step up their prosocial behaviors. Based on the above-mentioned findings, the following conclusion was reached: First, the game-centered empathy training had no effects on boosting the overall empathy of the school children. Second, the game-centered empathy training couldn't be said to be effective in improving either cognitive empathy or emotional one. From a viewpoint of relativity, that could be said to affect emotional empathy more than cognitive one. Third, the game-based empathy training wasn't effective in improving prosocial behaviors. Rather, that resulted in interrupting the promotion of prosocial behaviors.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.301-308
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• 2016

공정이 특정 허용범위 내에서 생산을 할 수 있는 지 여부를 결정하는 데 공정능력지수가 사용된다. 공정능력지수 $C_p$, $C_{pk}$ 그리고 $C_{pm}$ 등은 공정의 현황을 추적할 수 있는 활용성이 높은 관리도구로서 특별한 관심을 가진다. 대부분 공정능력지수에 대한 계산결과는 통계적 추정과 가설검정에 초점을 맞춘다. 따라서 $C_p$, $C_{pk}$ 그리고 $C_{pm}$의 추정치 ${\hat{C}}_p$, ${\hat{C}}_{pk}$ 그리고 ${\hat{C}}_{pm}$ 사이의 점근적 성질을 조사하는 것이 의미가 있을 것이다. 이 논문에서는 BN(${\mu}_x,{\mu}_y,{\sigma}^2_x,{\sigma}^2_y,{\rho}$) 하에서 세 가지 추정치 ${\hat{C}}_p$, ${\hat{C}}_{pk}$ 그리고 ${\hat{C}}_{pm}$ 간의 점근적 상관관계를 연구한다. 비정규성을 가진 공정에서는 두 종류의 공정능력지수 간에 상관관계를 정립할 수 있을 것이다.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.451-464
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• 2008

6 시그마는 백만 기회당 3.4개의 결점만을 갖는 최고의 품질수준을 의미한다. 일반적으로 높은 시그마 품질수준은 고객들에게 높은 만족도를 부여하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 공정능력지수들과 시그마 품질수준 $Z_{st}$는 6시그마 산업에서 공정능력을 평가하기 위하여 널리 이용되고 있다 공정능력지수에 관한 대부분의 평가들은 공정능력분석에 대해 경우에 따라 믿기 어려운 상황을 초래할 수도 있는 점 추정에 초점을 두고 있다. 본 논문에서는 현장 실무자들이 공정능력 여부를 결정하기 위하여 사용하고 있는 6시그마 품질수준 $Z_{st}$와 공정능력지수들 $C_p$, $C_{pk}$와 $C_{pm}$에 대하여 몇 가지 통계적 추정문제를 기초로 보다 효율적인 검정 방법에 대하여 제안, 연구하였다. 제안된 붓스트랩 검정 방법에 근거한 모의실험 결과는 공정분포의 정규성 여부에 관계없이 그리고 복잡한 계산 과정 없이 보다 효율적으로 적용될 수 있음을 입증하고 있다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제38권8호
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• pp.605-616
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• 2005

본 논문에서는 정밀한 수문기상자료를 보유하고 있는 설마천 시험유역의 강우유출자료를 이용하여 산지 소유역의 유출곡선지수(CN)를 산정하고, 이를 이용하여 국내 산지 소유역에 적합하다고 판단되는 선행강우량(ARC)의 적용기준을 제시하였다. 설마천 시험유역은 $97\%$가 산림으로 구성되어 있는 전형적인 미개발 산지 소유역으로서 기왕의 10개 주요 호우사상을 분석하여 산정된 CN값은 $51{\sim}89$ 범위에 있었으며 중앙값(median)은 72 정도인 것으로 나타났다. 선행강우량과 CN과의 관계에 대하여 검토한 결과 본 논문에서 제기한 가설인 ${\ulcorner}$5일 선행강우량 보다 1일 선행강우량이 산지 소유역에 대한 CN을 결정하는 데에 더욱 타당성이 높을 것${\lrcorner}$ 이라는 가설은 타당한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 본 연구를 통하여 1일 또는 5일 선행강우량으로부터 산지 소유역의 CN을 추정할 수 있는 회귀분석식을 제안하였다. 국내 산지 소유역의 유출곡선지수에 대한 체계적인 분석이 거의 없는 실정에서 본 연구를 통하여 국내 산지 소유역에 대한 실측자료를 기반으로 선행강우량을 반영한 CN 산정방법을 제시함으로써, 특히 산악지역에서 실측강우에 따른 유출수문곡선 재현시 선행강우조건을 반영하는 예비적인 가이드라인이 될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.328-333
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• 2011

동물호르몬으로 알려진 멜라토닌(melatonin)은 동물뿐 아니라 고등 식물을 포함한 다양한 생명체에 존재한다. 식물에서는 쌍떡잎 식물과 외떡잎 식물에 멜라토닌이 널리 존재하며 일부 약용 식물에는 다량으로 함유되어 있지만 아직 그 생합성 과정과 생리학적 기능은 확립되지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 reverse phase HPLC 분석을 통하여 이제까지 분석이 이루어지지 않았던 여러 제비꽃속(Viola) 식물들에 멜라토닌이 고르게 분포한다는 사실을 확인하였다. 그 다음 제비꽃속 식물들의 잎 절편을 배양하며 멜라토닌의 최초 전구체로 제안된 tryptophan (Trp)과 이의 탈카르복시화(decarboxylation) 중간산물인 tryptamine (TAM)을 공급하였다. 그 결과 Trp을 공급하면 멜라토닌 생성에 영향을 미치지 않았지만 TAM을 공급한 경우에는 멜라토닌의 함량이 증가하였다. TAM은 Trp에서 유래하므로 Trp-TAM 경로가 제비꽃속 식물에도 존재하는 것으로 판단되며, Trp 공급이 멜라토닌 함량에 영향을 미치지 않는 결과는 Trp을 TAM으로 전환하는 탈카르복시화 과정이 식물 멜라토닌 생합성 과정의 속도결정 단계일 것이라는 가설을 지지하는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.412-425
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• 2016

최근 주택시장에서 신도시아파트의 주거가치가 미치는 영향력이 증가하고 있으나 주거가치가 고객충성도와의 사이의 관련성을 연구한 연구는 제한적이다. 본 연구의 목적은 주거가치, 주거만족, 고객충성도에 미치는 영향력을 분석하는 것이다. 본 연구를 통해 주거가치의 요인이 주거만족과 고객충성도에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지를 파악한다. 이러한 목적달성을 위해 519명 2기 신도시 거주민을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 분석방법은 SPSS 21.0, ANOVA를 사용하여 기초통계, 신뢰도, 가설검증을 수행하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 주거가치의 요인분석 결과 안전성, 사회성, 편리성, 경제성, 심미성, 안락감의 6가지의 요인으로 분석되었다. 둘째, 주거가치의 요인 중 안전성, 안락감, 편리성은 주거만족도에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이것은 신도시 도시개발의 특성과 아파트의 자산개념을 반영한 것을 의미한다. 셋째, 신도시 주택구매자의 긍정적 주거가치와 주거만족도는 고객충성도를 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다. 이것은 현 거주 아파트의 주거만족이 클수록 거주자들은 자기의 친척이나 이웃에게 소개할 수 있음을 의미한다. 이 같은 연구결과는 결국 신도시 주택소유자의 주거가치와 주거만족도의 긍정적 전망이 주택시장을 더욱 활성화 시킬 것임을 시사한다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제12권8호
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• pp.123-132
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• 2014

Purpose - Recently, Korean companies have been struggling to perform well in the larger smartphone market in China, which is regarded as a blue ocean area. First, it is very important to accurately understand the Chinese consumers, who have a different consumption culture and value system from the Korean culture and system. This would help to identify priorities for the Chinese market. Further, considering the smartphone industry, where technological change is rapid, Korean companies will need to take prompt measures about market trends in order to establish strong competitiveness. Consequently, this study focused on analyzing the relationship between the variables of consumption value, satisfaction, and loyalty in the Chinese smartphone market. The principal dimensions of consumption value, which smartphones have, was analyzed, and the influence on satisfaction was identified. Moreover, the relationship among the variables of satisfaction, attitudinal loyalty, and behavioral loyalty was empirically analyzed. Research design, data, and methodology - This study examined the relationships between various consumption values (functional value, emotional value, social value, epistemic value, and economic value), along with satisfaction and loyalty. The data were collected through a questionnaire survey that was circulated to 310 customers who were users of smartphones in Chingdao and Yeontae regions in China. The survey was conducted from June 23 to August 4, 2013. A total of 301 responses to the questionnaires were collected and used for the data analysis. Moreover, a path analysis based on Lisrel 8.54 was used for the hypothesis test. Results - The variables of functional value, emotional value, social value, and epistemic value were revealed to have positive effects on satisfaction related to smartphone usage. However, the variables of monetary cost and psychological cost were not found to have negative effects on satisfaction related to smartphone usage. Moreover, satisfaction positively influenced attitudinal loyalty related to smartphone usage, but did not have a significant influence on behavioral loyalty related to smartphone usage. Specifically, satisfaction is essential, but not a sufficient condition for building behavioral loyalty in relation to smartphone usage. In addition, attitudinal loyalty positively influenced behavioral loyalty in relation to smartphone usage. Conclusions - First, this study shows that functional value, emotional value, social value, and epistemic value in relation to smartphone usage are important for marketing in the Chinese smartphone market. Particularly, functional value and emotional value play pre-eminent roles as regards customer loyalty in the use of smartphones. Second, the results of this study reveal that the variables of monetary cost and psychological cost are not important to the Chinese consumers. Specifically, the smartphone price and cognitive effort are not perceived as value barriers. Third, satisfaction did not guarantee behavioral loyalty in relation to smartphone usage, and the strategic approach for improving the repurchase and referral action in relation to smartphones based on solid attitudinal loyalty would be desirable and should be the focus of the marketing activities of Korean smartphone companies.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제12권8호
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• pp.17-29
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• 2014

Purpose - The use of corporate social activities to implement the concept of corporate social responsibility enhances brand equity and attitude, and strengthens economic competitiveness. In areas such as mobile communications, companies take the responsibility of protecting customers and enhance the quality of the mobile communication service, helping to make an effort to obey the regulations of the public trade order and fair trade agreement, enabling a healthy society through communication with elderly living alone or youths without parents, and enhancing marketing strategies. Research design, data, and methodology - To test the hypothesis, a survey was conducted. The surveyed population includes people who use the big three mobile communication services. The survey was conducted from October 4th to October 14th, 2013. A total of 500 survey questionnaires were circulated and 483 were collected; out of these, 32 were excluded due to missing or incomprehensible information. The data was analyzed with SPSS 18.0 via frequency analysis, trust analysis, search factor analysis, relationship analysis, confirmation factor analysis using AMOS 18.0, and structural equation model analysis. Results - Research on corporate social responsibility has been frequently conducted recently. Companies are perceived as social constituents satisfying the social desires of people in addition to customer needs. Further, companies are returning profits to society to satisfy community needs, because there is greater emphasis on the social responsibilities of companies. Companies' social responsibilities should include marketing strategies and the identification of customer needs. This study shows that social service activities influence brand value, which influences customer attitudes; therefore, social service activities indirectly influence customer attitudes. In order to increase customers' purchasing intention, it is essential to improve brand image via social services and provide a distinctive quality of service. Conclusions - This research has used the purposive selection method in the empirical analysis to identify the effect of social services on brand value and customer attitude. Therefore, this study revealed that businesses, whose ultimate objective is to improve customers' purchasing intention, should promote their brand equity through corporate social responsibility activities and offer a distinct service quality. Limitations in the progress of research were found and future indications to overcome these limitations are suggested as follows. First, survey responders had a limited understanding of social responsibilities; therefore, this concept needs to be explained to people first. Second, the research was done on people who live in Daejeon; thus, it is not representative of the entire country. The research has to be repeated with people in other cities. Third, there is a limitation in the study because the purposive selection method was used on Daejeon customers. In the future, a more precise selection of the population is needed. Fourth, Daejeon has unique geographical and size characteristics. Thus, customers in Seoul and other areas may display different characteristics and research on them may reveal different findings. Therefore, again, this study has to be repeated in other areas.