• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.363-373
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• 2018

In recent years, parabens used as preservatives in cosmetics have become a problem of human safety. Therefore, in this study, we tried to evaluate the preservative efficacy of 1,3-butylene glycol, 1,2-hexanediol, and 1,2-pentanediol as a preservative system to replace parabens. 1,3-Butylene glycol was added to cosmetic creams at a concentration of between 5 and 25%. The preservative efficacy of 1,3-butylene glycol was determined using a M-3 challenge test, as recommended by the Personal Care Products Council (formally CTFA). The alkane diols, such as 1,2-hexanediol and 1,2-pentanediol, were assessed in a similar manner. An evaluation of the preservative efficacy of 1,3-butylene glycol revealed that it was effective against all tested microbial strains at a concentration of 25%. We also investigated the efficacy of combinations of 0.3% phenoxyethanol and 0.1% ethylhexylglycerin. Finally, we tested the alkane diols, including 1,2-hexanediol and 1,2-pentanediol, as an alternative to the preservative 0.3% phenoxyethanol. Both 1% 1,2-hexanediol and 1% 1,2-pentanediol demonstrated preservative efficacy. Taken together, our study demonstrated that the formulation of 25% 1,3-butylene glycol and 0.1% ethylhexylglycerin, 1% 1,2-hexanediol, and 1% 1,2-pentanediol had the best preservative efficacy of the compositions tested. Thus, this study suggests that the formulation is a possibility of substituting parabens preservatives, which has been used in cosmetics and has become a safety issue.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2019

Purpose An examination guide is a useful medium to provide the patient with an overview, pre- and post-test preparation, and precautions of nuclear testing. The design and arrangement of existing written texts and announcements were evaluated to elucidate the comprehension of patients undergoing testing. Materials and Methods Informational material describing bone scanning and $^{201}thallium$ myocardium perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), as a secondary examination, which accounts for the largest portion of gamma imaging at Asan Hospital (Seoul, South Korea), was selected as an improvement target in consultation with a national innovation center. Existing informational material was dispensed to patients scheduled for bone scans from November 2016 to February 2017 and the revised material was issued from March 2017 to May 2017. A survey was conducted of 200 patients who underwent $^{201}thallium$ myocardium perfusion SPECT before and after the revisions (n = 100 each time period) to assess the patients' understanding of the informational material. Results When comparing the use of the conventional vs. revised material, the number of patients who received treatment before bone scanning had decreased from 130 to 60, while the number of those who required additional imaging decreased from 53 to 14. Prior to the revision, 43% of patients underwent testing before preparation and 18% underwent additional testing. The decreased need for additional image acquisition after revision of the informational material resulted in a decrease in acquisition time of about 2 min, from 16.5 to 14.2 min. In the case of $^{201}thallium$ myocardium perfusion SPECT, patient comprehension of all five items surveyed had increased, while the number of patients who had repeatedly asked about various facets of the procedure pre- and post-testing had decreased from 36% to 16% and 31% to 14%, respectively. Conclusion Lower patient comprehension is accompanied by a decrease in image quality due to non-compliance during pre-testing and may lead to repetitive questions from the patient, which may also negatively affect the fatigue and work efficiency of the examiner. Improved readability and visibility of informational material through visualization was correlated with greater patient comprehension as well as improved image quality and acquisition time.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.29-37
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• 2019

Purpose DMIDR(Discovery Molecular Imaging Digital Ready, General Electric Healthcare, USA) is a PET/CT scanner designed to allow application of PSF(Point Spread Function), TOF(Time of Flight) and Q.Clear algorithm. Especially, Q.Clear is a reconstruction algorithm which can overcome the limitation of OSEM(Ordered Subset Expectation Maximization) and reduce the image noise based on voxel unit. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the performance of reconstruction algorithms and optimize the algorithm combination to improve the accurate SUV(Standardized Uptake Value) measurement and lesion detectability. Materials and Methods PET phantom was filled with $^{18}F-FDG$ radioactivity concentration ratio of hot to background was in a ratio of 2:1, 4:1 and 8:1. Scan was performed using the NEMA protocols. Scan data was reconstructed using combination of (1)VPFX(VUE point FX(TOF)), (2)VPHD-S(VUE Point HD+PSF), (3)VPFX-S (TOF+PSF), (4)QCHD-S-400((VUE Point HD+Q.Clear(${\beta}-strength$ 400)+PSF), (5)QCFX-S-400(TOF +Q.Clear(${\beta}-strength$ 400)+PSF), (6)QCHD-S-50(VUE Point HD+Q.Clear(${\beta}-strength$ 50)+PSF) and (7)QCFX-S-50(TOF+Q.Clear(${\beta}-strength$ 50)+PSF). CR(Contrast Recovery) and BV(Background Variability) were compared. Also, SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio) and RC(Recovery Coefficient) of counts and SUV were compared respectively. Results VPFX-S showed the highest CR value in sphere size of 10 and 13 mm, and QCFX-S-50 showed the highest value in spheres greater than 17 mm. In comparison of BV and SNR, QCFX-S-400 and QCHD-S-400 showed good results. The results of SUV measurement were proportional to the H/B ratio. RC for SUV is in inverse proportion to the H/B ratio and QCFX-S-50 showed highest value. In addition, reconstruction algorithm of Q.Clear using 400 of ${\beta}-strength$ showed lower value. Conclusion When higher ${\beta}-strength$ was applied Q.Clear showed better image quality by reducing the noise. On the contrary, lower ${\beta}-strength$ was applied Q.Clear showed that sharpness increase and PVE(Partial Volume Effect) decrease, so it is possible to measure SUV based on high RC comparing to conventional reconstruction conditions. An appropriate choice of these reconstruction algorithm can improve the accuracy and lesion detectability. In this reason, it is necessary to optimize the algorithm parameter according to the purpose.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.118-125
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• 2019

Swimming performance of fish is an important factor in the survival of fish. Also, swimming performance of fish is used in the form of habitat, or as a condition to consider when creating a fish ladder. However in Korea, researches in swimming performance of Korean freshwater fish were scarce and inadequate in some part, thus fish ladders were installed without considering their swimming performance. Therefore, in this study, we measured swimming performance of 4 Korean freshwater fish species to consider importance of swimming performance test. The fish used in this study were Carassius auratus, Zacco koreanus, Gnathopogon strigatus, Acheilognathus lanceolata intermedia species which was collected during October to November, 2018 at Geum River, and measurement for swimming speed of each fish was done by using $Loligo^{(R)}$ System, swim tunnel respirometer in January to February of 2019. The average value of the burst critical swimming speed ($U_{crit}$) for each species was $0.8{\pm}0.04m\;s^{-1}$ for C. auratus, $0.77{\pm}0.04m\;s^{-1}$ for Z. koreanus, $0.95{\pm}0.04m\;s^{-1}$ for G. strigatus, $0.73{\pm}0.03m\;s^{-1}$ for A. lanceolata intermedia and the average value of prolonged critical swimming speed was $0.54m\;s^{-1}$ for C. auratus, $0.67m\;s^{-1}$ for Z. koreanus, $0.7m\;s^{-1}$ for G. strigatus, $0.54m\;s^{-1}$ for A. lanceolata intermedia. Since the fish used in this experiment were collected from a small part of the water system in Korea and there were only 4 species, they were not enough to represent the species that inhabit the entire Korean water system. It will be necessary to continue evaluating the swimming performance of other freshwater species in Korea.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.49-61
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• 2019

Swine manure has been recognized as a organic sources for composting and many research was conducted to efficiently utilize and treat. This study was to evaluate a feasibility for producing swine manure compost under various treatment with mixture of swine manure and saw dust. Treatments were designed as follows; non aerated composting pile(REF), aerated composting pile of $100L/m^3$(EXP1), and aerated composting pile of $150L/m^3$(EXP2). The total days of fermentation were 28 days and each samples were collected at every 7 days from starting of composting. Temperature sensors were installed under 30~40cm from the surface of composting pile. Inner temperature in composting piles of EXP1 and EXP2 was rapidly increased to $67{\sim}75^{\circ}C$ within 1~2 days. The elevated temperatures found during the thermophilic phase are essential for rapid degradation of organic materials. While swine manure composted, moisture content, total nitrogen, EC of EXP1, EXP2 in sample at 28 days were lower than those of REF. But, pH and organic matter of EXP1, EXP2 in sample at 28 days were higher than those of REF. After finishing fermentation experiment, maturity was evaluated with germination test. Calculated germination index(GI) at REF, EXP1 and EXP2 were 23.49, 68.50 and 51.81, respectively. The values of germination index were higher at EXP1 and EXP2 which is aerated composting piles than REF which is non aerated composting pile. According to the results, composting process by aerated static pile compost had significant effect on the reduction of required period for composting. Supplying adequate amount of air to compost swine manure will greatly reduce composting period.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.85-105
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to develop and implement cooperative consumption education programs using design thinking in middle school home economics education classes to understand the impact on students' cooperative problem solving competency. Accordingly, a cooperative consumption education program based on design thinking was developed according to the ADDIE model, and the evaluation was conducted on a total of 25 students. The results of the study were as follows. First, based on prior research, we developed a consumption education program based on D. school's design thinking process under the theme of 'Creating a Shared School' for the practice of cooperative consumption. As a result of expert validity verification of the teaching/learning course plan and workbook for the eight sessions, the average question was 4.72 (out of 5 points) and the average CVI was 0.93, indicating that the content validity and field suitability were excellent. Second, to summarize the results achieved from the implementation of the cooperative consumption education program, the pre-/post-test using the revised and supplemented cooperative problem-solving competency tool, and the open-ended survey, It was confirmed that the developed program had a significant effect on improving not only the students' knowledge and perceived necessity for cooperative consumption along with the awareness of practice, but also the cooperative problem-solving competency. As a follow-up study, we propose to expand the research to a wider audience, and to further conduct research and develop programs applied with design thinking in home economics curriculum and in consumer competency development. This study confirmed that cooperative consumption education programs using design thinking are effective in improving youth's cooperative problem-solving competency and is meaningful in that they developed consumption education programs under the theme of 'cooperative consumption' in response to changing consumer education needs.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.298-309
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• 2021

In this study we sought to develop a simultaneous analysis method for cis-bixin and cis-norbixin, the main components, to detect annatto pigment in food. To establish the optimal test method, the HPLC analysis methods of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Japan's Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW), and National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation (NIFDS) were compared and reviewed. In addition, a new pretreatment method applicable to various foods was developed after selecting conditions for simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis in consideration of linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and analysis time. The HPLC analysis method of NIFDS showed the best linearity (R² ≥ 0.999), exhibiting low detection and quantification limits for cis-norbixin and cis-bixin as 0.03, 0.05 ㎍/mL, and 0.097, 0.16 ㎍/mL, respectively. All previously reported pretreatment methods had limitations in various food applications. However, the new pretreatment method showed a high recovery rate for all three main food groups of fish meat and meat products, processed cheese and beverages. This method showed an excellent simultaneous recovery rate of 98% or more for cis-bixin and cis-norbixin. The HPLC analysis method with a new pretreatment method showed high linearity with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 1 for both substances, and the accuracy (recovery rate) and precision (%RSD) were 98% and between 0.4-7.9, respectively. From this result, the optimized analytical method was considered to be very suitable for the simultaneous analysis of cis-bixin and cis-norbixin, two main components of annatto pigment in food.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.69-82
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• 2021

Objective : This recent work intended to provide basic information for researchers and practitioners related to occupational therapy about Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) in South Korea. The previous research of screening DCD and the effects of intervention programs were reviewed. Methods : Peer-reviewed papers relating to DCD and published in Korea from January 1990 to December 2020 were systematically reviewed. The search terms "developmental coordination disorder," "development coordination," and "developmental coordination" were used to identify previous Korean research in this area from three representation database, the Research Information Sharing Service, Korean Studies Information Service System, and Google Scholar. We found a total of 4,878 articles identified through the three search engines and selected seventeen articles for analysis after removing those that corresponded to the overlapping or exclusion criteria. We adopted "the conceptual model" to analyze the selected articles about DCD assessment and intervention. Results : We found that twelve of the 17 studies showed the qualitative level of Level 2 using non-randomized approach between the two groups. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children and its second edition were the most frequently used tools in assessing children for DCD. Among the intervention studies, the eight articles (47%) were adopted a dynamic systems approach; a normative functional skill framework and cognitive neuroscience were each used in 18% of the pieces; and 11% of the articles were applied neurodevelopmental theory. Only one article was used a combination approach of normative functional skill and general abilities. These papers were mainly focused on the movement characteristics of children with DCD and the intervention effect of exercise or sports programs. Conclusion : Most of the reviewed studies investigated the movement characteristics of DCD or explore the effectiveness of particular intervention programs. In the future, it would be useful to investigate the feasibility of different assessment tools and to establish the effectiveness of various interventions used in rehabilitation for better motor performance in children with DCD.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2022

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical utility of the internalization and externalization higher-order scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent Restructured Form (MMPI-A-RF), compared with those scales of the Korean Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL). Methods : 43 adolescents with internalizing disorders and 44 adolescents with externalizing disorders and their parents were administered the MMPI-A-RF and K-CBCL each. To verify the difference between the internalization and externalization scales of the MMPI-A-RF and K-CBCL for each group, independent-sample t test was performed. To compare the agreement between the MMPI-A-RF and K-CBCL, correlation analysis was also conducted. Lastly, to identify which scales significantly best predict each of the internalizing and externalizing disorder, logistic regression analysis was conducted. Results : Internalization scales of the MMPI-A-RF and K-CBCL were significantly higher in the internalizing disorder group, and the externalization scales were significantly higher in the externalizing disorder group. The positive correlation was significant only for internalization problems between the two evaluation measures in both groups (each r=0.360, p<0.05, r=0.572, p<0.05). In addition, the scales significantly predicted internalizing and externalizing disorders were the internalization and externalization scales of the MMPI-A-RF, followed by the externalization scale of the K-CBCL (R²=0.407, p<0.05). Conclusions : The internalization and externalization higher-order scales of the MMPI-A-RF were found to reliably reflect the characteristics of each disorder in adolescents and be useful evaluative scales to differentiate disorders. Moreover, if adolescents show externalization problems, additional information from the K-CBCL can be more useful to differentiate disorders.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.365-372
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• 2022

Cellobiose is a dissacharide constituted by two glucose units joined by a β-('1,4') glycosidic bond that is produced by the decomposition of cellulose. This product exists naturally in plants and has been utilized in different industries as a food sweetener, and as a cosmetic and pharmaceutical material. In this study, the potential of cellobiose as a whitening cosmetic product was evaluated by analyzing autophagy induction and the inhibition of melanin production. A cytotoxicity test conducted in the human melanin-producing cell line MNT-1 with increasing concentrations of cellobiose revealed that this compound did not cause cytotoxicity at 20 mg/mL or less. Based on this, autophagy was firstly evaluated by immunostaining with the autophagy marker microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) after treatment with 20 mg/mL of cellobiose. The subsequent confocal microscopy analysis revealed an increase in LC3 puncta, indicating induction of autophagy. In addition, autophagy was further confirmed by western blot analysis, which demonstrated that cellobiose converted LC3-I to LC3- ∏ in a concentration- and time-dependent manners. An analysis of melanin contents after cellobiose treatment at a concentration of 20 mg/mL during 7 days revealed that melanin production was reduced by more than 50%. Additionally, the expression levels of melanogenesis-related proteins TYR and TYRP1 were markedly decreased after cellobiose treatment. Based on these studies, a cosmetic cream formulation containing cellobiose was prepared and the change in formulation was tested for 4 weeks, and it was confirmed that the appearance changed to liquid form at high temperature, but the pH did not change. In conclusion, the present research demonstrated that cellobiose activates autophagy and inhibits melanin production, and showed the potential of this product as a material for whitening cosmetics.