• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.208-220
• /
• 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of juice powders from sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck], unshiu mikan (Citrus unshiu Marcow), and mini tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), and their major flavonoids, hesperidin, narirutin, and rutin in tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. The increased reactive oxygen species and decreased glutathione levels observed in t-BHP-treated HepG2 cells were ameliorated by pretreatment with juice powders, indicating that the hepatoprotective effects of juice powders and their major flavonoids are mediated by induction of cellular defense against oxidative stress. Moreover, pretreatment with juice powders up-regulated phase-II genes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), thereby preventing cellular damage and the resultant increase in HO-1 expression. The high-performance liquid chromatography profiles of the juice powders confirmed that hesperidin, narirutin, and rutin were the key flavonoids present. Our results suggest that these fruit juice powders and their major flavonoids provide a significant cytoprotective effect against oxidative stress, which is most likely due to the flavonoid-related bioactive compounds present, leading to the normal redox status of cells. Therefore, these fruit juice powders could be advantageous as bioactive sources for the prevention of oxidative injury in hepatoma cells.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.19 no.6
• /
• pp.649-654
• /
• 2006

The objective of present study was to investigate the anti oxidative and hepatoprotective effects of tomato extracts. Total antioxidant capacity and total antioxidant response were 5.5 and $19.8{\mu}g$ Trolox equivalent per mg of tomato extract, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity of tomato extracts ($10mg\;ml^{-1}$) was 70% as compared to 100% by pyrogallol solution as a reference. The effect of the tomato extracts on lipid peroxidation was examined using rat liver mitochondria induced by iron/ascorbate. Tomato extracts at the concentration of $0.5mg\;ml^{-1}$ significantly decreased TBARS concentration. Tomato extracts prevented lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of the tomato extracts on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was examined using cell-free system induced by $H_2O_2/FeSO_4$. Addition of $1mg\;ml^{-1}$ of tomato extracts significantly reduced dichlorofluorescein (DCF) fluorescence. Tomato extracts caused concentration-dependent attenuation of the increase in DCF fluorescence, indicating that tomato extracts significantly prevented ROS generation in vitro. The effect of tomato extracts on cell viability and proliferation was examined using hepatocyte culture. Primary cultures of rat hepatocytes were incubated with 1mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) for 90 min in the presence or absence of tomato extracts. MTT values by addition of tomato extracts at the concentration of 2, 10, and $20mg\;ml^{-1}$ in the presence of t-BHP were 13, 33 and 48%, respectively, compared to 100% as control. Tomato extracts increased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that tomato extracts suppressed lipid peroxidation and t-BHP-induced hepatotoxicity and scavenged ROS generation. Thus antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of tomato extracts seem to be due to, at least in part, the prevention from free radicals-induced oxidation, followed by inhibition of lipid peroxidation.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.51 no.2
• /
• pp.115-125
• /
• 2007

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective activities of daidzin, daidzein, genistein or puerarin, active isoflavonoids of Puerariae Radix, on the hepatocyte injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl$_4$, 10 mM), tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH, 0.5 mM) and D-galactosamine (GalN, 30 mM). Primary cultures of rat hepatocytes (18 hr cultured) were treated with CCl$_4$, TBH or GalN and various concentrations (0.1, 1, 10 and 100 ${\mu}$M) of daidzin, daidzein, genistein or puerarin. CCl$_4$ significantly increased the levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The increase in LDH level was attenuated by daidzein, genistein and puerarin. Puerarin also inhibited the increase in AST level induced by CCl$_4$. The increases in LDH and ALT levels induced by TBH were significantly attenuated by daidzin and genistein treatments. GalN markedly increased the levels of LDH, ALT and AST These increases were significantly attenuated by daidzein. Daidzin also inhibited the increases in LDH and AST levels induced by GalN. The increases in LDH and ALT levels were attenuated by genistein and puerarin, respectively. These results suggest that daidzin and daidzein possess hepatoprotective activities.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.50 no.6
• /
• pp.358-366
• /
• 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of glycynhizin, active glycosides of Glycyrrhizae Radix, and baicalin, bioactive flavonoid isolated from Scutellariae Radix, on hepatocyte injury induced by carbon tetrachloride(CCl$_4$, 10 mM), tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH, 0.5 mM), and D-galactosamine (GaIN, 30 mM). Primary cultures of rat hepatocyte (18 hr cultured) were treated with CCl$_4$, TBH, or GaIN and various concentrations (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 ${\mu}$M) of glycyrrhizin or baicalin. Activity was accessed by determining the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aminotransferses. CCl$_4$ significantly increased the levels of LDH, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and these increases were prevented by baicalin concentrations of 0.1,1, and 100 ${\mu}$M. The increases in ALT and AST levels were reduced by glycyrrhizin concentration of 100 ${\mu}$M. The level of LDH was markedly increased by TBH, and this increase was reduced by both glycyrrhizin and baicalin. ALT and AST levels were increased by TBH, which were prevented by glycynhizin and bacalin, respectively: GaIN markedly increased the levels of LDH, ALT and AST These increases was significantly reduced by both glycyrrhizin and baicalin. These results suggest that glycynhizin and baicalin possess the hepatoprotective activity.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.34 no.5
• /
• pp.423-429
• /
• 2021

Barley's nutritional value as a health food is increasing due to its excellent nutritional functionality. In this study, the levels of β-glucan, total polyphenols, and total flavonoids were analyzed in the ethanol extracts of different barley cultivars (Hinchalssal, Heuksoojeongchal, Betaone, Ganghochung, and Saechalssal). Also, the free radical scavenging abilities of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzo-thiaxoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) were measured to determine their antioxidant activity. The results confirmed that Betaone extract contained highly activefunctional components and exhibitedantioxidant activity. Next, we evaluated the hepatoprotective and inhibitory effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by barley ethanol extracts after inducing oxidative stress with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) in HepG2 cells. Hinchalssal and Saechalssal extracts showed the most significant cytoprotective effect and also reduced ROS production significantly. These results suggest that Hinchalssal, Saechalssal, and Betaone represent potential natural antioxidant and hepatoprotective agents.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.33-40
• /
• 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and hepatocyte protective effects of guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves cultivated in Korea. The contents of the total polyphenol of the extract was 271.57 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g residue. Antioxidant activities of leaf extract were evaluated by examining the free radical scavenging ability. 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and ${\alpha}-{\alpha}$-diphenyl-${\beta}$-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activities of the extract were 1133.23 mg trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC)/g residue and 721.68 mg TEAC/g residue, respectively. The hepatocyte protective effect of guava leaf extract was examined in HepG2 cells. Against tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), the viability of HepG2 cells were increased by the treatment of leaf extract. In addition, guava leaf extract led to the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in HepG2 cells. The leaf extract increased the activity of glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) against oxidative stress. These results suggested that guava leaves might be regarded as a potential source natural antioxidant and a hepatoprotective material.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.21-30
• /
• 2023

Objective : Gardeniae Fructus (GF) has bitter and cold nature. Thus, it has been traditionally prescribed in processed form roasted with ginger juice for patients with a weak stomach. This study investigated the effects of processed GF in tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP)-treated gastric epithelial cells. Methods : Processed GF was made by applying 40% ginger juice or 10% ethanol for 24 h and then roasting at 150℃ for 5 minutes. Apoptosis was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was monitored by flow cytometry using the membrane permeable fluorescent dye Rh123. Protein expression was measured by Western blot analysis. Results : Cell viability was reduced by tBHP and restored by ethanol extract of GF (GFE). In the TUNEL assay, it was found that cell death by tBHP was due to apoptosis, and GFE had an anti-apoptotic effect. Processed GF roasted with ginger juice showed the best anti-apoptotic effect. Processed GF also inhibited MMP loss and restored tBHP-induced changes in expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins. Increased ROS production and GSH depletion after tBHP treatment were significantly reduced by processed GF. In addition, tBHP-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was inhibited by processed GF. Conclusion : These results demonstrate that the processed GF is able to protect gastric epithelial cells from oxidative stress-induced cell death with antiapoptotic and antioxidant activity. In addition, it shows that the processing of GF, which have been traditionally used for gastrointestinal protection, partially have scientific validity.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.25 no.5
• /
• pp.568-577
• /
• 2012

The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidative capacity of ethanol extracts from Rumex crispus L. The concentration of R. crispus L. extract at which DPPH radical scavenging activity was inhibited by 50% was 2.15 mg/mL, which was lower than that of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol (0.43 mg/mL), as compared to 100% by pyrogallol as a reference. Total antioxidant status was examined by total antioxidant capacity against ABTS radical reactions. Total antioxidant capacities of R. crispus L. extract at concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mg/mL were 0.47 and 2.33 mM Trolox equivalents, respectively, which were higher than those of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol. Superoxide scavenging activities of R. crispus L. extract at concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mg/mL were 21.5 and 78.9%, respectively, which were not significantly (p>0.05) different from those of catechin. Oxygen radical absorbance capacities of R. crispus L. extract at concentrations of 20 and 100 ${\mu}g/mL$ were 62.5 and 156.4 ${\mu}M$ Trolox equivalents, respectively, which were lower than those of ascorbic acid. Cupric reducing antioxidant capacities of R. crispus L. extract at concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mg/mL were 0.28 and 1.88 mM Trolox equivalents, which were similar or significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, respectively. R. crispus L. extract prevented supercoiled DNA strand breakage induced by hydroxyl radical and peroxyl radical. Total phenolic contents of R. crispus L. extract at concentrations of 0.5 and 5 mg/mL were 0.58 and 3.85 mM gallic acid equivalents, respectively. R. crispus L. extract at concentration of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/mL inhibited 0.2 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced cytotoxicity by 38.5 and 63.5%, respectively, in HepG2 cell culture system. Thus, strong antioxidant and cytotoxicity-inhibiting effects of R. crispus L. extract seem to be due to, at least in part, the prevention from free radicals-induced oxidation as well as high levels in total phenolic contents.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.149-158
• /
• 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidative capacity of ethanol extracts from Sanguisorbae officinalis L. root (Sanguisorbae radix) in vitro. The concentration of Sanguisorbae radix extract at which DPPH radical scavenging activity was inhibited by 50% was 0.33 mg/mL, which was similar to $IC_{50}$ of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol (0.40 mg/mL), as compared to 100% by pyrogallol as a reference. Total antioxidant status was examined by total antioxidant capacity against ABTS radical reactions. Total antioxidant capacities of Sanguisorbae radix extract were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol. Superoxide scavenging activities of Sanguisorbae radix extract were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of catechin. Oxygen radical absorbance capacities of Sanguisorbae radix extract were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of ascorbic acid. Cupric reducing antioxidant capacities of Sanguisorbae radix extract were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol. Sanguisorbae radix extract prevented supercoiled DNA strand breakage induced by hydroxyl radical and peroxyl radical. Total phenolic contents of Sanguisorbae radix extract at concentrations of 0.5 and 5 mg/mL were 0.50 and 3.33 mM gallic acid equivalents, respectively. Sanguisorbae radix extract at concentration of 0.01, 0.1 and 0.5 mg/mL inhibited 0.2 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced cytotoxicity by 33.8, 79.1 and 96.9%, respectively, in HepG2 cell culture system. Thus, strong antioxidant and cytotoxicity-ihnibiting effects of Sanguisorbae radix extract seem to be due to, at least in part, the prevention from free radicals-induced oxidation as well as high levels in total phenolic contents.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.25 no.8
• /
• pp.1131-1142
• /
• 2016

This study was conducted to compare the antioxidant, anticytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory properties of Euphorbia maculata ethanol extract with those of E. supina ethanol extract. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and superoxide scavenging activities of E. maculata at $50{\mu}g/mL$ were $38.3{\pm}3.7$ and $21.5{\pm}1.2%$, respectively, whereas those of E. supina at the same concentration were $109.4{\pm}0.9$ and $59.5{\pm}4.8%$, respectively. Oxygen radical absorbance capacities of E. maculata and E. supina at $10{\mu}g/mL$ were $14.70{\pm}0.63$ and $26.17{\pm}1.36nmol/mL$ Trolox, respectively. Cupric reducing antioxidant capacities of E. maculata and E. supina at $10{\mu}g/mL$ were $10.22{\pm}0.97$ and $62.99{\pm}5.28nmol/mL$ Trolox, respectively. Total phenolic contents of E. maculata and E. supina at $50{\mu}g/mL$ were $29.03{\pm}0.14$ and $87.89{\pm}0.20nmol/mL$ gallic acid, respectively. E. maculata and E. supina were reported to prevent supercoiled DNA breakage induced by peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals in a concentration-dependent manner, where protection against the supercoiled DNA breakage provided by E. supina was greater than that provided by E. maculata. E. maculata and E. supina at $100{\mu}g/mL$ inhibited tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells by $49.4{\pm}4.3$ and $87.3{\pm}4.5%$, respectively. E. maculata and E. supina at $500{\mu}g/mL$ inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells by $63.1{\pm}7.0$ and $85.2{\pm}1.6%$, respectively. The antioxidant capacities including DPPH radical scavenging, superoxide scavenging, oxygen radical absorbance, and cupric reducing antioxidant activity were found to be highly correlated with total phenolic content (0.896 < r < 0.983, p < 0.01) and anticytotoxic activities (0.915 < r < 0.960, p < 0.01). However, the superoxide scavenging activity was not significantly correlated (r = 0.604, p > 0.05) with the anti-inflammatory activity. Thus, these findings demonstrated that the radical scavenging, anticytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory capacities of E. supina were more potent than those of E. maculata. Further studies are needed to elucidate the properties of polyphenolic constituents in E. supina responsible for these effects and the underlying mechanisms.