• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.373-390
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• 1992

To assay the fertilizing capacity of domestic animal spermatozoa by hamster test, semen were collected from 13 boars(Duroc. Landrace and Yorkshire) which had been proved to be fertile in the past. then, were preserved in BWW medium or in raw state at 18$^{\circ}C$ or at room temperature. The preserved semen were given each different treatment according to the experimental design and coincubated with zona-free hamster ova for 5 hours. The ova were stained by lacmoid and examined under phase contrast microscope to investigate the rates of ova bound with sperm(sperm binding). ova penetrated by sperm(penetration) and formation of a male pronucleus(pronucleus formation) and also numbers of both bound and penetrated sperm per ovum. Between BWW and TBM medium for boar sperm. no difference in the results of hamster test was obtained. The boar spermatozoa in BWW medium, BWW with caffeine, BWW with heparin, and BWW with both caffeine and heparin showed no difference in the results of hamster test. The boar spermatozoa in BWW medium containing both calcium and RSA showed considerably higher rates of sperm binding, penetration and pronucleus formation as well as higher numbers of both bound and penetrated sperm than those not containing calcium with or without BSA( p<0.01) and also the same results higher than that containing calcium without BSA( p< 0.05). The boar spermatozoa irradiated by X-ray(70 KVP, 20mA) for 3 seconds. then, maintained at 18$^{\circ}C$ for 18 hours showed considerably lower rate of sperm binding than all the other groups including the control and X-ray groups irradiated by smaller dose or maintained for shorter period(p<0.01), and also showed lower number of bound sperm than the other groups(p<0.01, p<0.05). All the control groups of both raw and diluted sperm in BWM medium showed higher rates of sperm binding, penetration and pronucleus formation as well as higher number of penetrated sperm than all the X-ray groups irradiated for 3 seconds(70KVP, 20mA) and maintained for either 3 or 18 hours (p<0.01, p<0.05). At the same time the control groups of diluted sperm showed considerably higher rates of sperm penetration and pronucleus formation than the control group of raw sperm( p<0.01). These results indicates that fertile boar sperm showed considerably lower rates In the results of hamster test, when incubated in the medium without calcium and irradiated by X-ray than when incubated in the medium with calcium and not irradiated by X-ray, respectively, to prove consequently that hamster test would be of great value in assaying the fertilizing capacity of boar spermatozoa.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.450-452
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• 2005

A 3-year-old, 43kg, pregnant Great Pyrenese was examined for clinical signs of acute weakness and anorexia for 4 days. The dog was in lateral recumbency at referral. The rectal temperature was within reference range, and the respiratory and heart rates were 36 breaths/min and 58 beats/min, respectively. The abdomen was distended, and several puppies were palpated. The mean fetal head diameter was 2.8cm in the ultrasonographic examination. The initial complete blood count and serum biochemical examinations revealed mild dehydration, mud hyperglycemia, hypochloremia, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, and low sodium-potassium ratio. Serum BUN and total cholesterol values were slightly high. Hypoadrenocortical crisis was suspected on the basis of signs of acute collapse, hyponatremia and hyperkalemia. Adrenal gland function was evaluated by an ACTH stimulation test. The baseline cortisol concentration was $18.6{\mu}g/dl$ and the concentration at 1 hour after administration of tetracosactrin (ACTH, Synacthen) was $8{\mu}g/dl$. The dog was treated for the correction of assumed hypoadrenocortical crisis and substantial hyperkalemia. In addition to rapid infusion with saline solution, other medications administered intravenously included sodium bicarbonate and cimetidine hydrochloride. The dog was monitored with repeated serum electrolyte examination. After clinical stabilization, cesarean section was performed. All of 13 puppies were delivered, and the dog recovered from anesthesia without complications. The values of postpartum blood tests returned to normal or within reference range. The dog remained healthily.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.377-381
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• 2005

We tried to extract bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) from the freeze-dried bovine cortical bone (FBCB) for bone graft, which were defatted with chloroform-methanol for 20 days, freeze-dried at $-80^{\circ}C$ for 7 days and sterilized by ethylene oxide gas. Two kg of FBCB were pulverized in a wheel mill to $0.5-2.0mm^3$ cubic in size. The bone particles were demineralized in 0.6N HCI for 10 days at chloroform-methanol$4^{\circ}C$ and defatted with chloroform-methanol for 6 hours at room temperature, which was going to be defatting and demineralized cortical bone (DDM). For extracting BMP, DDM was agitated continuously through 72 hours with magnetic stirrer at $4^{\circ}C$ into 12 times of volume of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn-HCl) solution containing proteinase inhibitors to protect BMP such as 2mM N-ethylaleimide, 1mM iodoacetic acid, 1mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and a sterilizer, 1mM sodium azide. The extraction procedure was repeated for three times. All extracted solution was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 30 min and then, the supernatant was dialyzed with 12 times of volume of deionized water at $4^{\circ}C$ for 24-72 hours, which cut off below 6,000-8,000 molecular weight. The dialyzed specimen contained crude-BMP was centrifuged, freeze-dried, and weighted. Through these processing, we could obtained $84.9\%$ as FBCB, $17.8\%$ as DDM and $0.71\%$ as crude-BMP from the wet cortical bone without cancellous bone, marrow and muscles. The crude-BMP were obtained $68.3\%$ from the first extraction, $29.6\%$ from secondary and $2.1\%$ from tertiary, respectively. It was suggested that high yield of crude-BMP migth be explained by three-time repetition of the extraction processing for crude-BMP with Gdn-Hcl sol.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.36-40
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• 2015

Equine colic is a major concern in equine industry due to high morbidity and mortality rates. The purpose of this study was to establish mortality rates during medically and surgically treated colic and to identify potential prognostic indicators for mortality of equine colic in Korea. The overall mortality rate was 18/119 (15%). The 93 cases (78%) were treated medically and 26 cases (22%) surgically out of the 119 records reviewed. The mortality rate in small intestinal lesion was 7/9 (78%) and strangulating lesion was 10/11 (91%). The significance between individual factors and prognosis of equine colic was not valid but high frequency rate was found in ${\leq}3$ years age (59%) and male (50%). In dead group showed higher, rectal temperature and heart rate than those of survived group. The mortality rate was significantly high in the pale mucous membrane color and severe pain and decreased intestinal motility. In laboratory factors, dead group showed lower level of platelet than survived group, and had higher values of RBC, hemoglobin, PCV with significance (P < 0.05). Group with increased enzyme activity of CK, LDH, glucose showed poor prognosis.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.226-232
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• 2012

This study was performed to evaluate the sedative and analgesic effects of intravenous (IV) administration of detomidine (D) and tramadol (T) to horses. Six warmblood horses each received D (10 ${\mu}g/kg$), T (2 mg/kg), and a combination of DT (10 ${\mu}g/kg$ and 2 mg/kg). No significant differences in the heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, indirect arterial pressure, and gastrointestinal motility between D and DT were observed. The sedative effect was evident within 5 min after D and DT administration, but no significant difference between D and DT was observed. D and DT induced a similar analgesic effect up to 50 min after injection and DT maintained a longer analgesic effect than D. A significant increase in blood glucose was shown for D after the injection, but not for DT. A horse with T and DT showed an excited behavior within 5 min of the injection. This study suggests that the DT combination could be used for diagnostic procedures and simple surgeries in standing horses, with caution for excitement in the early phase after the administration.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.41-56
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• 1995

The present study was conducted to investigate results of B. anthracis isolated from Anthrax in the Kyong-Ju of Feb. 12. 1994. 1. In biochemical feature, B. anthracis was a gram-positive rod, non-motility, sporulation, capsulation. It was positive in gelatinase, starch hydrolysis, glucose. But negative in urease, arabinose, mannitol, xylose. 2. B. anthracis grew well on B4 Br A TSA after incubation for 24 hours. The organisim grew well on BA, Br. A, NA, TSA after incubation for 72 hours. The media grew well on Br A instead of BA. 3. On 5% blood agar by laboratory animal, ${\beta}$ -hemolysis was produced from 36 hours to 48 hours incubation. There was perfect ${\beta}$-hemolysis after incubation for 48 hours. On the other side ${\beta}$-hemolysis was begun on 5% goat blood agar after incubation for 60 hours. 4. In the test of antimicrobial susceptibility, B. anthracis was very sensitive to AM, CF, TE, ENR, GM, AN, DFX, S, P, TYLO, N, KM, C, E, Lins＋Sp, NN, CC, CFP, CB were sensitive one by one. B. anthracis was no-sensitive to L, XNL, TIA, CL, SXT 5. B. anthracis had never sensitivity to direct inoculation of rat and chicken, after subcutanous inj. It was very sensitive to mouse and goat, hamster, guinea pig, rabbit had a sensibility one by one. 6. The dead laboratory animal which had been inoculated with B. anthracis preserved at $37^{\circ}C$ incubation, B. anthracis didn't cultivate on non-dissected animal after 80 hours but cultivate on dissected animal after 360 hours. 7. The rapidly death could cause high concentration, died from 420 after S. C. 8. The blood smeared samples of hamster from inoculation with B. anthracis, spore germinated In 37$^{\circ}C$ after 5 hours, in $32^{\circ}C$ after 6 hours, in room temperature after 9 hours, in $-4^{\circ}C$ to $-20^{\circ}C$ after 10 hours. 9. B, anthracis inoculated to laboratory animal after SC or PO. Mice and rats feces didn't cultivated with B. anthracis after SC, but did cultivated with B. anthracis after PO. 10. In the test of disinfectant, B. anthracis was high effective to $HgC1_2$, formalin, effect phenol, cresol, but non-effect NaOH, ethanol.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.277-282
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the influences of the rope and the tipping chute restraints on body temperature (BT) and heart rate (HR) as acute response for stress caused by restraining for diagnasis and treatment in cattle. Both parameters were recorded by active biotelemetry. In addition cortisol concentration in blood was analyzed as a indicator for stress response. Twelve cattle were divided into two groups based on hydraulic power, the rope restraint group and the tipping chute restraint group. BT and HR were measured at -30 (base), 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes, including restraint period from 0 to 30 minutes during the experiment. The results obtained in this study was summarized as follows: 1. BT of the rope restraint group was increased ($39.8{\pm}0.3^{\circ}C$) until 20 min after restraint stress for 30 min, and then maintained with high values to the end of experiment. In the tipping chute restraint group, the BT was increased ($39.6{\pm}0.3^{\circ}C$) until the end of the restraint period, but then showed decrese until the end of experiment. 2. HR of both groups was maximized at the beginning of the restraint stress (P<0.05), and then it was decreased gradually but in the tipping chute restraint group showed increase again at the end of the reatraint stress (P<0.05). 3. The cortisol level of the rope restraint group was increased significantly ($9.72{\pm}5.09{\mu}g/d{\ell}$) until 30 min after the end of the restraint stress (P<0.05) and then decreased, but in the tipping chute restraint group showed great increase ($4.68{\pm}1.56{\mu}g/d{\ell}$) at the end of the restraint stress (P<0.05) and then decreased while the tipping chute restraint group was significantly lower than the rope restraint group 30 min after the restraint stress (P<0.05). In conclusion, this study suggests that the tipping chute restraint produces less response to physical stress than the rope restraint but the time for diagnasis and treatment should be shortened when using the tipping chute restraint.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.9-12
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• 2015

Brachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriae is a causative agent of swine dysentery that is responsible for death and economic losses in the pig industry. It is imperative that clinical samples be delivered fresh for accurate diagnosis. The viability and DNA detection of B. hyodysenteriae using lab-made (phosphate buffered saline and modified tryptic soy broth) or commercial transport media (C, D, and E) were compared by culturing and real-time PCR at $4^{\circ}C$ or room temperature (RT), respectively. B. hyodysenteriae grown in D (Anaerobe Systems, USA) and E (Starplex Scientific, Canada) media was viable for 4 days at $4^{\circ}C$ and RT. However, B. hyodysenteriae in A, B, and C (culture swab; BD Biosciences, USA) media were not recovered after 2 days at RT. Ct values for real-time PCR at $4^{\circ}C$ and RT ranged from $27.2{\pm}2.1$ (C) to $29.6{\pm}0.5$ (B), and $28.0{\pm}0.9$ (E) to $30.2{\pm}1.5$ (B), respectively. Considering the field conditions, it is important that transport media is used for specimen isolation and PCR to obtain an accurate diagnosis of swine dysentery.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.214-220
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• 1990

To establish a greening assay for screening, and physiological and biochemical studies of the compounds affecting biosynthesis of plant pigments, were conducted on environmental factors, and on ways of incubation and illumination which affect plant greening. Greening was good when both cucumber and barley were grown for 5 to 6 days at $25^{\circ}C$ in darkness, when adaxial sides of cucumber cotyledons were contacted with the solution, and when barley leaf fragments were taken 0.5 to 2.0cm from the leaf tip. Potassium phosphate buffer(pH 6.0) at 10mM was most desirable for plant greening. The speed of greening during illumination was increased as the temperature increased from $15^{\circ}C$ to $35^{\circ}C$. The responses were sensitive more in cucumber than in barley, and in chlorophyll biosynthesis than in carotenoid biosythesis. The content of chlorophyll was greatest at the light intensity of 5000 and 1000 lux for cucumber and barley, respectively, but the biosynthesis of carotenoids were greatest at the light intensity higher than for chlorophyll. In use of solvents for dissolving chemicals, acetone, ethyl alcohol and DMSO at 10, 0.1 and 2.5% or less, respectively, did not affect the biosynthesis of plant pigments. $pI_{50}$ values were calculated for chemicals affecting pigment biosynthesis.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.2_2
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• pp.237-247
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• 2020

Here, we generated maps of primary production in the coastal waters of the East Sea using sea surface chlorophyll-a concentrations (CHL), photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), euphotic depth induced by GOCI along with sea surface temperature (SST) from satellites of foreign countries as input parameters, and carried out a sensitivity analysis for each parameters. On 25th of July in 2013 when a wide cold waters appeared and on 13th of August in 2013 when a big harmful algal bloom existed in the study area, it shows high productivities with averages 1,012 and 1,945 mg C m^-2 d^-1, respectively. On August 25, 2013, when the cold waters and red tide retreated, it showed an average of 778 m^-2 d^-1, similar to the results of the previous analysis. As a result of the sensitivity analysis, PAR did not significantly affect the results of the primary production, but the euphotic depth and CHL showed aboveaverage sensitivity. In particular, SST had a large influence to the results, thus we could imply that an error in SST could lead to a large error in the primary production. This study showed that GOCI data was available for primary production study, and the accuracy of input parameters might be improved by applying GOCI, which can acquire images 8 times a day, making it more accurate than foreign polar orbit satellites and consequently, it is possible to estimate highly accurately primary production.