• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.217-254
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is comparing fiscal sustainability of 17 welfare states. Borrowed the concept of fiscal space to Ostry et al(2010) and Ghosh et al(2011), this study measures the fiscal sustainability in welfare states. Using data collected from 20 OECD countries from 1986 to 2013, this study attempts to evaluate the financial sustainability of each country. As a result, it is necessary that the appropriate level of tax burden is secured. Tax revenue is the funded basis for maintaining the welfare state, so increasing tax compliance to offset the negative impact of increasing welfare spending will promote social cohesion. In therms of tax structure, in accordance with the ability to pay principle, it is important to raise the equity between the source of taxation. Reducing the gap between labor and capital tax is required to achieve horizontal equity, It is also useful to utilize the financial base of the welfare state by broadening the tax base though a consumption tax. Improving the vertical equity can also make a positive contribution to the fiscal sustainability of the welfare state.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.81-86
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• 2018

Purposes: The purpose of this study is to argue that the taxation system for non-for-profit medical institution in Korea should be revised and that the basic direction should be to expand tax exemption like the US. Methods: We analyzed the US context of taxation policy for non-for-profit medical institutions and compared the US and Korean situation. Findings: In the United States, for-profit or non-for-profit medical institutions eternities are the most important criteria for hospital classification. Basically, full tax-exemption has been applied for non-for-profit medical institutions. The reason why many hospitals maintain their status as non-for-profit are following. First, the American society places great importance on the social responsibility and role of non-for-profit hospitals. Second, maintaining the status of non-for profit medical institutions is financially beneficial while maintaining good social reputation. The most powerful financial incentives are tax deductions and tax deductions for donations. Practical Implications: How will the taxation system for medical institutions in Korea be reformed in the future? First, if Korean government do not allow for-profit medical institutions, Korean government should consider implementing a full tax exemption system suitable for non-profit medical institutions like the US. Second, there are many variation in taxation for non-for-profit medical institution according to their legal positions. Therefore, current taxation system should be revised. Third, the reorganization of such taxation system should be in a direction that can finally encourage community benefit activities of medical institutions of nonprofit hospitals.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.215-238
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• 2018

Tariff reduction from FTAs are applied to imported goods, but not to traveler's goods. There are difficulties in meeting the FTA's conditions for free tariff application, such as origin of goods and direct transportation. This study suggests the optimal cut-off level of a simple tax rate applied to traveler's goods with respect to traveler' welfare and government tax revenue. Among three different scenarios of simple tax reductions by ordering its weighted magnitude of effects, the optimal tariff was found to be 2% applied to all goods. The effects of a 2% reduction of simple tax rate would increase traveler' welfare by 16.8 billion won and reduce tax revenue by only 0.34 billion won.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.99-108
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aims to provide a further research challenge in digital marketing distribution and co-creation from relevant literature. The concept of digital marketing and co-creation has been known to impact the business sector positively, but it has not been utilized much in the government sector. Therefore, further research is needed to identify the role of digital marketing distribution and co-creation in increasing non-tax state revenue services of government institutions in Indonesia. Research design, data, and methodology: This study is based on a systematic literature review. The stages are (1) research scope review, (2) article extraction from journals, (3) article quality assessment, (4) article analysis, and (5) comprehensive report. Fifty articles published from 2011 to 2021 were collected from the Google Scholar website. Result: This study provides a proposed model that depicts all of the potential connections between digital marketing, co-creation, and non-tax state revenue. In addition, we also identify that the customer experience influences non-tax state revenue. Conclusions: This study attributes the use of the digital marketing distribution and co-creation concept in the government sector and its benefits for state organizations, which have not been investigated in previous studies.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.39-46
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• 2020

Purpose: This study looks at the relevance between discretionary revenue and book-tax differences (hereafter BTDs). While the study of earnings management, which focused on discretionary accruals and real earnings management, has largely made, it has not yet been actively researched on discretionary revenues. Therefore, it was believed that discretionary revenue would expand the preceding study by looking at its relevance to BTD, known as financial reporting quality and measures of tax avoidance. In general, prior research suggested that earnings management make BTDs larger. Thus, the relationship between discretionary revenue and the amount of BTD is predicted positive. Research design, data and methodology: To this end, the method of discretionary revenues was used and BTDs measured in four ways. First, Earnings before income tax - estimated taxable income divided by total asset (BTD). Second is fractional rank variable of BTDs (FBTD). Third is Indicator variable equals 1 if the firm-year has a positive BTD, 0 otherwise (PBTD). Fourth is that Indicator variable equals 1 if the firm-year has a BTDs in top(bottom) quartile, 0 otherwise (LPBTD, LNBTD). 4,251 samples were analyzed in the Korean Security market (KOSPI) from 2003 to 2014. Results Empirical analysis shows that BTDs increases as discretionary revenue increases. These results were equally observed when BTDs was measured as a ranking variable or as a indicating variable. These results indicate that earnings management through the revenue of managers exacerbate the quality of financial reporting. Conclusions: In sum, discretionary revenues can be used as an indicator of making BTDs larger and meaningful as the first study of the Korean capital market where discretionary revenues affect accounting information quality. Investors need to increase interest in discretionary revenues because intervention in financial reporting through revenue accounts by managers can increase information asymmetry and agency costs. This means that studies on discretionary revenues that have been relatively small should be expanded. The results also provide important implications for the relevant authorities and investors. Despite these benefits, however, measurement error problems with estimates still appear as limited points, and prudent interpretations are required, and additional follow-up studies are needed in that variables that are not yet considered in this study may affect our findings.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.123-140
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• 2016

This study investigates whether tax subsidy is associated with the information effect of future earnings (Future Earnings Response Coefficient, hereafter 'FERC'). Prior studies related with tax subsidy suggest that high- tax subsidy is associated with high-Conservatism. And high-tax subsidy is associated with low-information asymmetry. The hypothesis is tested by using sample firms listed on the Korean Stock Exchange from the year of 2002 to the year of 2009 inclusively. We followed methodology of Tucker and Zarowin (2006). We find that the regression coefficient for tax $subsidy{\times}X_{t3}$ shows a significant positive sign. Also, we performed additional test after controlling for variables related with FERC. The regression coefficient for tax $subsidy{\times}X_{t3}$ is consistent with main results. This result means that the changes in the current stock price of higher-tax subsidy contain more information about their future earnings than the changes in the stock price of lower-abnormal audit hours. The evidence suggests that investors positively understand high-tax subsidy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.357-368
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• 2014

So far, land use-transportation models have been used exclusively for numerical analysis. A recent theoretical endeavor now enables us to derive the first-order derivative of the model's welfare function with respect to policy variables. I extend this methodology into the institutional setting where toll revenues are recycled through labor income tax. In this setting, the first-order derivative is composed of (1) the increase in welfare due to reduced congestion, and (2) the decrease in welfare due to interaction with the existing labor income tax. This result coincides with existing theory in the non-spatial model.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2018

Financial plight condition firms difficulties accessing external funding, these firms will arrange scarce funds using tax avoidance can be a way of improvement of internal cash flow and internal funds securement. This study is empirical evidence presented the association between free cash flow can be represented for financial condition of firms and using tax avoidance for Kosdaq listed firms. Empirical analysis result, presented plus (+) results the association between free cash flow and tax avoidance. these results are in the previous year free cash flow is large firms purpose of internal cash holdings that increase of tax avoidance in order to minimize of cash outflow are based on tax burden. also interaction effect of free cash flow and debt ratio is presented influence of plus(+) on tax avoidance.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2023

Big tech companies are further strengthening its status against the background of data accumulation, price competitiveness by the platform, and competitive advantage due to the network effect. The competition subcommittee of the European Union(EU) imposed a huge fine on Google for antitrust violations, which was interpreted as an attempt to collect Google's unpaid taxes. In fact, taxation efforts in the form of 'Google tax' are underway, targeting expedient tax avoidance by global platforms. It has power and has a considerable influence on the startup ecosystem. The domestic sales and tax scale of global platforms, which have a great impact on domestic content startups and small and medium-sized venture companies, are not accurately measured. In the case of Google, according to research literature, sales in Korea were estimated at about 2 trillion to 3 trillion won in 2017, but Google Korea reported sales of 290 billion won in 2021 and paid 13 billion won in taxes. This study aims to verify the economic effect of the global platform that has a great influence on Korea, and specifically to quantitatively estimate the annual domestic sales and taxes of Google, a representative global platform. As a result of estimating Google's annual domestic sales and taxes based on the figures presented in the document related to Google's economic effect published by Google, the result was 4 to 9 trillion won in annual sales and 390.6 to 913.1 billion won in taxes. This study is meaningful in that it provides basic data on the direction of national and tax policies in the future digital economy era by estimating the problem of tax authority by country of global platform companies with a specific example of Google.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.17
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• pp.335-358
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is in investigating the tax clients for their relationship with tax preparers and the general levels of characteristics for the taxation objects, and establishing significant relationships of the two major factors-satisfaction factors and characteristics of the clients-on the satisfaction of the clients. The results of this study will provide an important basic data required for rational management of tax clients. A total of 20 sub-hypotheses were used, which can essentially be summarized into the following three major statements. The hypotheses investigation results can be summarized as below. First, as for the characteristic factors of the preparer, the taxation knowledge factor and the client satisfaction factor were found to be in a significant median positive relationship, and the experience factor and the client satisfaction factor were found to be in a relatively less significant relationship. Second, the factor on the relationship with the preparer and the client satisfaction factor were all found to be in a highly significant positive relationship. Third, in order to measure the characteristics of the taxation objects, relationships between potential tax reductions factor, probability of taxable income adjustments factor, and the client satisfaction factor were analyzed, and they were found to have positive relationships of relatively high significance. Fourth, the average for the client satisfaction factor by industry was found to be the highest for the manufacturing industry, followed by wholesalers and retailers. Other sectors showed little deviation from the average of 4.9, but this factor was not statistically significant. Fifth, the average difference examination of the satisfaction levels for the clients with or without experience of taxable income adjustments showed that those without experience of taxable income adjustments had higher satisfaction levels. Sixth, 12 study hypotheses had been proposed in order to investigate the relationship between the client satisfaction factors and the client satisfaction levels according to the characteristics of clients. Among the 12 sub-hypotheses, except for the study hypothesis of investigating the relationship between the tax preparer's taxation knowledge and the client's satisfaction levels according to the experience of taxable income adjustments, 11 study hypotheses were all not adopted.