• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.173-185
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• 2005

This study investigated differences in children's facial, behavioral, and verbal expressions of pride and shame by their age, and type and level of task difficulty when they succeeded or failed on tasks. The subjects were 55 4-year-old children from 2 day-care centers and 37 7-year-old children from 1 elementary school. Each child participated in pride and shame assessment sessions. Data were analyzed by means, standard deviations, repeated measures ANOVA, and paired t-test. When they succeeded on tasks, 4-year-olds showed more pride in behavioral expression than 7-year-olds. More pride in facial, behavioral, and verbal expressions were shown when subjects succeeded on difficulty than on easy tasks. Interaction effect for behavioral expression of pride was found between age and type of task difficulty. In verbal expression of pride, interaction effect was found between age, and type and level of task difficulty. When they failed on tasks, 7-year-olds showed more shame in behavioral and verbal expressions than 4-year-olds. More shame in facial, behavioral, and verbal expressions were shown when subjects failed on easy than on difficulty tasks. Interaction effect for facial expression of shame was found between age, and type and level of task difficulty.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.60-65
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• 1992

As many industrial workers have been involved with computer terminal tasks, for example, monitor ing, inspection, or computer da4a entry etc., concerns for difficulty evaluation of computer terminal tasks are Increased. This study provides that eyeblink can be used as a means of difficulty evaluation of a computer terminal lask. Four subjects without color blindness are asked to perform the monitoring task of the binary choice type under five levels of task difficulty. In each task, eyeblink rates and eyeblink interval times were measured from the subjects. The results show that the eyeblink rate does decrease with an Increase in task difficulty. In addition, it was found that both eyeblink interval time and eyeblink Interval time variation increased with an increase in task difficulty. It was concluded that the change of eyeblink rate, eyeblink interval time and eyeblink interval time and eyeblink interval time variation could be regarded as a generalized response to the imposition of task difficulty.

• 한국학교수학회논문집
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.357-371
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• 2016

본 연구는 수학적 모델링의 과제공간을 설정하고 이를 기반으로 모델링 과제의 복잡성을 나타내는 평가척도(rating scheme)를 설계하여 예비 수학교사를 대상으로 두 가지의 실험연구 결과를 얻었다. 첫째는 종전의 문제구조를 표현한 문제공간을 발전시켜 모델링 과제에 맞는 과제공간을 설정하고, 모델링 과제의 복잡성을 수치로 나타내는 계량적인 평가척도를 설계하여 의미 있는 타당도를 확인하였다. 둘째는 모델링의 과제 복잡성에 대한 평가척도, 학생 성취수준, 과제 특수 발견 전략의 개수 사이의 일관된 패턴이 있음을 발견하였다.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.31-36
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• 2009

Many daily activities require people to complete a motor task while walking. Substantial gait decrements during simultaneous attention to a variety of cognitive tasks have been shown by a group of severely injured neurological patients of mixed etiology. And previous studies have shown that the attentional load of a walking-associated task increased with its level of difficulty. The purpose of this study was to analyze subjects' gait changes are affected by the effects of arithmetic task difficulty and performance level. Participants performed a walking task alone, three different Arithmetic tasks while seated, and among them, two kinds of the simillar Arithmetic tasks in combination with walking. Reaction time and accuracy were recorded for two of the Arithmetic tasks. The mean values of the gait were measured using a Timed Up and Go test among 11 with post-stroke patients while walking with and without forward counting (WFC) and backward counting(WBC).There was significant Arithmetic Task Difficulty level between the 10-forward counting task condition(FC) and the 10-backward counting task condition(BC)(p=0.008). The mean values of T.U.G time were significantly higher under backward counting dual-task condition than during a simple walking task(p=0.009) and WFC(p=0.009). The change in T.U.G time during WFC was higher when compared with the change during a simple walking, but there was no significant difference (p=0.246). This study suggesting that a high interference could be linked with a high level of difficulty, whereas adaptive task enabled participants to perfectly share their attention between two concurrent tasks. Future research should determine whether dual task training can reduce gait decrements in dual task situations in people after stroke. And the dual-task-based exercise program is feasible and beneficial for improving walking ability in subjects with stroke.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.513-522
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• 2023

과학 문제를 대면했을 때 학생들이 인지하는 과제난이도에 따른 학생이 느끼는 상태불안 수준에 대한 실증적인 연구는 부족하다. 본 연구의 목적은 학생들이 과학 문제를 대면했을 때 학생이 인지한 과제 난이도가 과학불안과 상태불안의 관계를 조절하는지 검증하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 초등학생 5~6학년 410명(5학년 186명; 여학생 194명)을 대상으로 2개의 과학 문제를 제시하였다. 그리고 PROCESS macro 1번 모델을 활용하여 과학 문제 대면 상황에서 과학불안과 상태불안 유발 사이의 관계에서 학생이 인지한 과제난이도의 조절 효과를 검증하였다. 분석 결과, 학생의 과학불안 수준과 학생이 인지한 과제난이도는 상태불안을 정적으로 유의하게 예측하였다. 그리고 학생이 인지한 과제난이도는 학생이 문제를 대면했을 때 유발되는 상태불안 수준을 부적으로 유의하게 조절하였다. 즉, 학생이 문제를 어렵다고 생각할수록 상태불안 유발에 대한 과학불안의 영향력이 낮아졌으며, 학생이 문제를 쉽다고 생각하면 상태불안 유발에 대한 과학불안의 영향력이 높아졌다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 과학교육 및 향후 연구 방향에 대한 시사점을 논의하였다.

• 아동학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.75-90
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• 2017

Objective: This study aimed to identify children's cognitive processing and performance characteristics while multiple task performance. It confirmed whether their multiple task performance and psychological refractory period (PRP) varied by task condition (stimulus onset asynchrony [SOA] and task difficulty) and stimulus modality. Methods: Seventy 5-year-olds were recruited. Multi-task tools were developed using the E-prime software. The children were required to respond to two stimuli (visual or auditory) presented with microscopic time difference and their response times (RTs) were recorded. Results: As the SOA increased, the RTs in the first task increased, while the RTs in the second task and PRP decreased. The RTs of the first and second tasks, and the PRP for difficult tasks, were significantly longer than those for easy tasks were. Additionally, there was an interaction effect between the SOA and task difficulty. Although there was no main effect of stimulus modality, task difficulty moderated the modality effect. In the high difficulty condition, the RTs of the first and second tasks and PRP for the visual-visual task were significantly longer than those for auditory-auditory task were. Conclusion: These results inform theoretical discussions on children's multi-task mechanism, and the loss of multiple task performance. Additionally, they provide practical implications and information on the composition of multi-tasks suitable for children in educational environments.

• 아동학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.33-46
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• 2003

This study investigated age differences in children's expression of pride and shame by their age, and type and level of task difficulty when they succeeded of failed on tasks. The subjects were 55 4-year-old children from 2 day-care centers and 37 7-year-old children from I elementary school. Each child participated in pride and shame assessment sessions. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA, t-test, paired t-test, Pearson's correlations. When they succeeded on tasks, 4-year-olds showed more pride than 7-year-olds. More pride was shown when subjects succeeded on difficult than on easy tasks. An interaction effect for pride was found between age, and type and level of task difficulty. Seven-year-olds showed more shame than 4-year-olds when they failed on tasks. More shame was shown when subjects failed on easy than on difficult tasks. The expression of pride was positively related to the expression of shame.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.306-310
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to observe the change in gamma-band cortical activities (GBAs) due to task difficulty. Event-related potential and gamma-band activity were investigated using electroencephalograms recorded during auditory oddball tasks with two difficulty levels. For more difficult task, the amplitude of P300 decreased and the peak latency of P300 was delayed significantly compared to easier task. The induced GBA decreased considerably during the P300 latency period and the peak latency of the induced GBA was delayed for more difficult task. The results imply that the difficulty-related change in cortical information processing may be implemented as a change in the strength of local neuronal association.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to examine the activity ratios of global trunk muscles and local trunk muscles in relation to adjustments in the level of task difficulty while performing stability exercises in easily applied bridging lumbar stabilization exercise. Twenty healthy subjects performed bridging lumbar stabilization exercise while the level of task difficulty was plate was used in the same posture for all the exercises. EMG was used to examine the activity ratios of the global muscles and multifidus in relation to the level of task difficulty. Moreover, the activity ratios of the multifidus muscle, the erector spinae and the gluteus maximus muscle were measured. A one-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used, and a Bonferroni correction was conducted (${\alpha}$=.05). When the bridging lumbar stabilization exercise were performed at different difficulty levels, the activity of the multifidus muscle, which is a local muscle, was high in all three exercises. Also, compared to low intensity and intermediate intensity exercises, high intensity exercises showed more significant differences (${\alpha}$=.05). Among all the muscles, the multifidus showed the highest activity at intermediate intensity. Based on these results, we suggest that in the case of bridging lumbar stabilization exercise, low intensity or intermediate intensity exercises are more suitable and efficient for local muscle stabilization.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to observe the brain activity patterns during visual oddball tasks with two difficulty levels by the analysis of high-density event-related potential (ERP). Along with conventional statistical analysis of averaged ERP waveforms, we applied independent component analysis (ICA) for the individual, single-trial analysis and verified its effectiveness. We could identify multiple ERP components such as early visual components (P1, N1), and two components which seem to be important task-related components and showed difficulty-dependent variability (P2, P300). The P2 was found around central region at $180{\sim}220ms$, and the P300 was found globally at $300{\sim}500ms$ poststimulus. As the task became difficult, the P2 amplitude increased, and the P300 amplitude decreased. After single-trial ERPs were decomposed into multiple independent components (ICs), several ICs resulting from P2 and P300 sources were identified. These ICs were projected onto scalp electrodes and the projected ICs were statistically compared according to two task difficulties. For most subjects, the results obtained from single-trial/individual analysis using ICA gave the tendencies of amplitude change that are similar to the averaged ERP analysis for most subjects. The temporal pattern and number of ICs corresponding to ${\mu}$ rhythm was not dependent on the task difficulty. It seems that the motor response was not affected by the task difficulty.