• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.5 s.72
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• pp.755-762
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• 2005

Biochemical amounts of RNA molecules can be synthesized in vitro, which is functionally equivalent or similar to those transcripts normally existing at extremely low levels in vivo. In this study we described a method for efficient preparation of pure T7 RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli strain BL21/pAR1219. The procedure, which used ammonium sulfate fractionation and preparative column chromatography on sephadex SP, was shown to be simple, rapid, and cost effective in comparison with other methods reported previously, Using the purified T7 RNA polymerase we were able to synthesize very long RNA transcript of 1.54 kb length, which is not feasible by conventional chemical synthesis. RNA molecule that was also synthesized by the purified T7 RNA polymerase, such as hammerhead ribozyme, retained its biochemical activity by cleaving the target RNA successfully in vitro. Thus, the procedure shown in this study can be useful to synthesize any length of RNA molecules in vitro in a simple and cost effective way for a variety of purposes.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.427-435
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• 2017

Korea's overseas construction awards reached US $750 bn for more than 50 years since it first entered the market in 1966. In particular, the company won US $540 bn over 10 years from 2007, achieving 72% of the total contracts. However, in recent two years, awarded amounts have decreased by 40% each year. The most significant decline is due to the impact of international oil prices, which have plummeted since end of 2014, as oil-producing nations, which are Korea's major target countries, are struggling to cancel or postpone infrastructure orders. In order to lessen the impact of raw material price fluctuations, the recent trend is that even countries with relatively loose government financing conditions are rapidly changing their ordering methods to investment development forms such as PPP. The Korean government and companies have been already preparing for this for several years, but they are still not doing so well. The main reason is the lack of understanding about the investment development type project, especially financing methods and the aggravated fear of exposing it to various risks due to the characteristics of the development project, which takes a long time to collect the investment. In this paper, I propose a more systematic solution to financial process and risk management, which is recognized as a obstructive factor for Korean companies, in line with the recent government-led establishment of overseas infrastructure development support organizations. I would like to serve as a investment guide.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.336-341
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• 2015

Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) is a bush that grows well at special cultural environments such as acid soil, high organic matter content, and a good drainage and aeration compared to other general crops. Blueberries are well known to contain high amounts of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds, resulting in high antioxidant activity that provides health benefits, and expanding the cultivation areas and consumer's demand in the worldwide. However, the full genome of blueberry has not been announced until now. Furthermore, the genomic analysis and transcriptome approaches are not so popular compare to major crops such as orange, apple, and grape. The aim of the review about blueberry genomic research is to establish the platform for setting blueberry breeding target, increasing proficiency of blueberry research, and making the practical cultivation techniques in Korea. The main topics in the blueberry genomic research including transcriptome, genetic mapping, and various markers are related with cold hardiness, chilling requirement, hot tolerance, anthocyanin content, and flavonoid synthesis pathway on various tissues like flower bud, leaf bud, shoot, root, and berry fruit. The review of the current status of blueberry genomic research will provide basic information to the breeders and researchers and will contribute to development of blueberry industry with sustainable productions and increase of blueberry consumption as new profitable crops in Korea.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.301-308
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• 2018

Anthropogenic radioactive noble gases formed by nuclear fission are significant indicators used to monitor the nuclear activity of neighboring countries. In particular, radioactive xenon, owing to its abundant generation and short half-life, can be used to detect nuclear testing, and radioactive krypton has been used as a tracer to monitor the reprocessing of nuclear fuels. Released radioactive noble gases are in the atmosphere at infinitesimal amounts due to their dilution in the air and their short half-life decay. Therefore, to obtain reliable and significant data when performing measurement of noble gases in the atmosphere, the minimum detectable activity (MDA) for noble gases should be defined as low as possible. In this study, the MDA values for radioactive xenon and krypton were theoretically obtained based on the BfS-IAR system by collecting both noble gases simultaneously. In addition, various MDA methods, confidence level and analysis conditions were suggested to reduce and optimize MDA with an assessment of the factors affecting MDA. The current investigation indicated that maximizing the pretreatment efficiency and performance maintenance of the counter were the most important aspects for Xe. In the case of Kr, since sample activities are much higher than those of Xe, it is possible to change the target MDA or to simplification of the analysis system.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.335-356
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• 1997

Injection of bovine growth hormone (bGH) to lactating dairy cows increases milk yield and yields of milk components including fat. It is generally believed that most of the anabolic effects derived from bGH in animal tissues are primarily mediated by IGF-1. IGF-1 is a strong anabolic peptide in the plasma of animals and exerts mitogenic and metabolic effects on target cells. Contrary to most protein hormones, the majority of IGF-1 in circulation is bound to the binding proteins (IGFBPs) which are known to be responsible for modifying the biological actions of IGF-1, thus making determinations of IGF-1 actions more difficult. On the other hand, fat is a major milk component and the greatest energy source in milk. Currently, the fat content of milk is one of the major criteria used in determining milk prices. It has been known that flavor and texture of dairy products are mainly affected by milk fat and its composition. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is the rate limiting enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis in 1ipogenic tissues of animals including bovine lactating mammary glands. In addition to the short-tenn hormonal regulation of ACC by changes in the catalytic efficiency per enzyme molecule brought about by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the enzyme, the long-term hormonal regulation of ACC by changes in the number of enzyme molecules plays an essential role in control of ACC and lipogenesis. Insulin, at supraphysiological concentrations, binds to IGF-1 receptors, thereby mimicking the biological effects of IGF-1. The receptors for insulin and IGF-1 share structural and functional homology. Furthermore, epidermal growth factor increased ACC activity in rat hepatocytes and adipocytes. Therefore, it can be assumed that IGF-1 mediating bGH action may increase milk fat production by stimulation ACC with phosphorylation (short term) and/or increasing amounts of the enzyme proteins (long term). Consequently, the main purpose of this paper is to give the readers not only the galactopoietic effects of bGH, but also the insight of bGH action with regard to stimulating milk fat synthesis from the whole body to the molecular levels.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.222-227
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• 2020

Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃(denoted as PZT) in the perovskite phase is used as a dielectric, piezoelectric, and super appetizer material owing to its ferroelectric properties. A PZT film was formed by an RF magnetron sputtering process by preparing a target composed of Pb_1.3(Zr_0.52Ti_0.48)O₃. The PZT film was formed by dividing the material into a mono-layer PZT produced continuously with the same sputtering power and a bi-layer PZT produced with two-stage sputtering power. The bi-layer PZT consisted of a lower layer produced under low-power sputtering conditions and an upper layer produced under the same conditions as the mono-layer PZT. XRD revealed small amounts of pyrochlore phase in the mono-layer PZT, but only the perovskite phase was detected in the bi-layer PZT. SEM and AFM revealed the upper part of the bi-layer PZT to be more compact and smooth. Moreover, the bi-layered PZT showed superior symmetry polarization and a significantly reduced leakage current of less than 1×10-5 A/cm². This phenomenon observed in bi-layer PZT was attributed to the induction of growth into a pure perovskite phase by suppressing the formation of a pyrochlore phase in the upper PZT layer where the densely formed lower PZT layer was produced sequentially.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.193-197
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• 2016

The performance of Precision Guided Missiles is estimated by using hit probability only, which is calculated by hits against total amounts of fires in current domestic live-fire tests. It has a limitation in judging the performance of all produced Precision Guided Missiles by using the calculated hit probability according to the result of live-fire test, because the overall characteristics of the produced Precision Guided Missiles are not considered. In other words, a method is needed to estimate the confidence level which is more reliable than simply calculated hit probability according to the result of live-fire test for guaranteeing the hit probability of Precision Guided Missiles by certain level, which is already being operated or produced. This paper introduces a method to estimate the confidence level of Precision Guided Missiles by minimum live-fire tests using Hypergeometric distribution and Bayes' rule suitable for the characteristics of Precision Guided Missiles, which are small production, high costs and unable to check whether the missile hits the target or not before the live-fire tests. Also, this paper suggests a reasonable confidence level for showing the performance of the Precision Guided Missiles using the results of live-fire tests and domestic and foreign literature, when the result of live-fire tests will be decided.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.43-50
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• 2011

Steel-making slag was investigated as reactive material for removal of cadmium in coastal area. Batch experiments of the sorption isotherm experiment and kinetic sorption experiment were performed. Result of sorption isotherm was more adequately described by Langmuir model than Freundlich model and theoretical maximum capacity (${\beta}$) of cadmium onto steel-making slag was found. Results of kinetic sorption experiments were evaluated by pseudo second order model to investigate sorption characteristics of cadmium onto steel-making slag. Results showed that the equilibrium sorption amount of cadmium (q$q_e$) increased and the rate constant ($k_2$) and initial sorption rate (h) decreased as the initial cadmium concentration increased. The $q_e$ with simulated sea water was similar to that with deionized water and $k_2$ and h with simulated sea water was lower than those with deionized water. Results of kinetic experiments could be used to predict the result from sorption isotherm, since equilibrium sorption amounts calculated by pseudo second order model generally agreed with those measured from sorption isotherm. The reaction time for the target removal rate could be calculated by the pseudo second order model using kinetic sorption tests results.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.2
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• pp.238-246
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• 2016

The study aims to examine Japan's National REDD+ Strategies prepared for Post-2020 and the status of its implementation by organizations in Japan, and then to suggest the potential REDD+ countermeasures against Joint Credit Mechanism (JCM) for Republic of Korea and their implications. As for the technical limitations of the guidelines of REDD+ under the JCM, it is pointed out that forests located at the place with less potential safeguard intervention tend to be selected as the target area for a project and that, as reference emission trend changes depending on the basic year of the baseline, differences could occur among the amounts of greenhouse gas emission. In addition, it is pointed out that the result of the calculation of the displacement of emissions, or leakeage, in REDD+, can have an uncertainty, since the calculation is done by just multiplying leakage area by certain coefficients, without considering the size of the leakage area. Furthermore, the lack of implementation guideline or methodologies for a project level is also pointed out as a limitation, considering that there are only some national and sub-national monitoring guidelines at present. Finally, internationally accepted guidelines for safeguard and its sub-items needed to be prepared, as current safeguard policy only includes lists without detailed items. Such things mentioned above are all related to, and can lead to the problem of double counting of items in Nested Approach etc., as well as of the distribution of credits. Therefore, Republic of Korea should take these into consideration when implementing its REDD+ projects.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.14-14
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• 2010

Plastid proteomics are essential organelles present in virtually all cells in plants and green algae. Plastids are responsible for the synthesis and storage of key molecules required for the basic architecture and functions of plant cells. The proteome of plastid, and in particular of chloroplast, have received significant amounts of attention in recent years. Various fractionation and mass spectrometry (MS) techniques have been applied to catalogue the chloroplast proteome and its sub-organelles compartments. To better understanding the function of the lumenal sub-organelles within the thylakoid network, we have carried out a systematical analysis and identification of the lumenal proteins in the thylakoid of wheat by using Tricine-SDS-PAGE, and LTQ-ESI-FTICR mass spectrometry followed by SWISS-PROT database searching. We isolation and fractionation these membrane from fully developed wheat leaves using a combination of differential and gradient centrifugation couple to high speed ultra-centrifuge. After collecting all proteins to eliminate possible same proteins, we estimated that there are 407 different proteins including chloroplast, chloroplast stroma, lumenal, and thylakoid membrane proteins excluding 20 proteins, which were identified in nucleus, cytoplasm and mitochondria. A combination of these three programs (PSORT, TargetP, TMHMM, and TOPPRED) was found to provide a useful tool for evaluating chloroplast localization, transit peptide, transmembranes, and also could reveal possible alternative processing sites and dual targeting. Finally, we report also sub-cellular location specific protein interaction network using Cytoscape software, which provides further insight into the biochemical pathways of photosynthesis. The present work helps understanding photosynthesis process in wheat at the molecular level and provides a new overview of the biochemical machinery of the thylakoid in wheat.