• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.887-898
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• 2021

This paper presents a simplified model to capture the nonlinear behavior of steel frames depending on the spread of plasticity method. New interaction formulae were derived to evaluate the plastic strength for I-shaped steel sections under uniaxial bending moment and axial compression load. Also, new empirical formulae were derived to evaluate the tangent stiffness modulus of steel I-shaped cross-sections considering the effect of the residual stresses suggested by the specifications in European Convention for Construction Steelworks (ECCS). The secant stiffness which depends on the tangent modulus is used to evaluate the internal forces. Based on stiffness matrix method, a finite element analysis program was developed for the nonlinear analysis of space steel frames using the derived formulae. Comparison between the proposed model results with those given by the fiber model shows very good agreement. Numerical examples were introduced to verify, check the accuracy, and evaluate the efficiency of the proposed model. The analysis results show that the new proposed model is accurate and able to minimize the solution time.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.2782-2791
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• 1996

The effective longitudinal shear modulus(LSM) of continuous composites is studied theoretically and numerically using 3-phase unit cell model. Circular, hexagonal and rectangular shapes of reinforced fiber are considered to predict the shear modulus as a function of elastic modulus of each phase and volume fraction of interphase and reinforced fiber. It is found that rectangular fiber shape in low fiber volume fraction($v_f$<30%) and circular fiber shape in high volume fraction($v_f$>40%) shows the higher longitudinal shear modulus. Also the obtained values of LSM for rectangular array and by numerical analysis are higher than those of hexagonal array and by theoretical analysis respectively. The reinforcing effects of interphase are more significant in cases of higher fiber volume fraction and circular fiber shape. Not only the spatial distribution and shape of reinforcing fiber but also the volume of interphase have a pronounced effects on the overall LSM. It is also found that the tangent moduous of 2-and 3-phase polymer matrix composites is insensitive to the shape and distribution of reinforcing fibers.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.231-237
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• 1998

보강성 충전제가 첨가된 고무블렌드의 물리적 특성을 조사하기 위해 카본블랙이 첨가된 유화중합 고무블렌드와 실란이 커플링된 실리카가 첨가된 용액중합 고무블렌드의 가황특성, 점탄성특성, 내마모 및 고무보강성 평가하였다. 유화중합 고무블렌드는 가장 높은 총결합고무량을 나타냈으나, 용액중합 고무블렌드는 고무블렌드 비율에 관계없이 일정한 총결합고무량을 나타내었다. 고무의 미세구조중 비닐 및 스틸렌 함량이 낮을수록, 배합고무중 총결합고무량이 높을수록 가황속도는 빠르게 나타났으며, 고무보강성 지표인 모듈러스는 총결합고무량과 선형적인 관계를 나타냈다. 많은 PICO 손실량은 고무의 미세구조중 비닐 및 스틸렌 함량이 증가할 때 나타났으나, 적은 PICO 손실량은 실란이 커프링된 실리카를 함유한 용액중합 고무블렌드에서 부타디엔의 비율이 증가할 때 관측되었다. 용액중합 고무블렌드는 유화중합 고무블렌드에 비해 $0^{\circ}C$에서 높은 손실계수, $60^{\circ}C$에서는 낮은 손실계수를 나타내었다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.341-345
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• 2021

1D sand compression response to ko-loading experiences volume contraction from low to high effective stress regimes. Previous study suggested compressibility model with physically correct asymptotic void ratios at low and high stress levels and examined only for both remolded clays and natural clays. This study extends the validity of Enhanced Terzaghi model for different sand types complied from 1D compression data. The model involved with four parameters can adequately fit 1D sand compression data for a wide stress range. The low stress obtained from fitting parameters helps to identify the initial fabric conditions. In addition, strong correlation between compressibility and the void ratio at low stress facilitates determination of self-consistent fitting parameters. The computed tangent constrained modulus can capture monotonic stiffening effect induced by an increase in effective stress. The magnitude of tangent stiffness during large strain test should not be associated with small strain stiffness values. The use of a single continuous function to capture 1D stress-strain sand response to ko-loading can improve numerical efficiency and systematically quantify the yield stress instead of ad hoc methods.

• 한국철도학회논문집
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.61-68
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• 2008

교통하중이 작용하는 노반의 응력-변형율 간의 상관성의 특징을 나타내기 위하여 회복탄성계수가 사용되어왔다. 최근 도로의 경우 노반의 설계에 있어 AASHTO에서 제안된 역학적-경험적 설계가이드에 따라 회복탄성계소의 사용이 더욱 권장되는 실정이다. 이에 비해 국내 철도의 노반설계에 있어서는 정적실험 결과인 $K_{30}$이나 변형계수를 사용하고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 철도노반의 설계에 있어 회복탄성계수의 적용 가능성에 대한 평가가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 본 연구에서는 14종의 점성토 흙에 대하여 회복 및 영구변형 특성에 대한 평가를 위하여 기본 물성실험, 일축압축실험 그리고 회복탄성계수 실험을 수행하였다. 또한 일축압축 실험결과와 접선탄성계수, 일축압축강도, 파괴시 변형율 첨두 강도에서의 할선탄성계수와 항복변형율을 바탕으로 회복탄성계수 추정을 위한 예측모델이 제안되었다. 본 연구에서 제안된 예측모델은 실측결과와의 비교시 만족할 만한 값을 보이는 것으로 확인되었다. 다만 회복탄성계수 실험시 발생하는 영구변형에 대해서는 현재 고려하고 있지 않다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.843-850
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• 2010

콘크리트의 동탄성계수는 KS F 2437에 규정된 바와 같이 탄성파 비파괴시험인 충격반향기법에 따라 측정할 수 있다. 자유단 경계조건에서의 콘크리트 공시체에 대한 종방향 고유진동수를 웨이블릿 변환이론을 적용하여 평가하였다. 웨이블릿 변환은 순수한 스펙트럼 해석뿐만 아니라 시간영역에서의 분해신호를 추출하는데 있어 시간-주파수 공간에서의 실제 신호형상을 제공하는 장점을 갖고 있다. 이 실험에 적용된 배합비를 갖는 콘크리트의 경우에 동탄성계수와 정탄성계수의 평가 결과가 큰 차이를 나타내지 않아 일반적으로 알려져 있는 정도는 아닌 것으로 판단된다. 충격반향기법에서 결정된 동탄성계수와 정적시험에서 결정된 정탄성계수는 변형률 정도를 고려하여 비교하면 비교적 서로 잘 일치하며 이 실험에서의 동탄성계수는 평균변형률 $1.04{\times}10^{-4}$에서의 접선탄성계수와 같은 것으로 평가되었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.359-370
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• 2000

The purpose of this investigation was to observe the viscoelastic properties of five commercial flowable(Aeliteflo, Flow it, Revolution, Tetric flow, Compoglass flow), three conventional hybrid(Z-100, Z-250, P-60) and two condensable(Synergy compact, SureFil) resin composites. A dynamic oscillatory shear test was done to evaluate the storage shear modulus (G'), loss shear modulus(G"), loss tangent(tan ${\delta}$) and complex viscosity(${\eta}^*$) of the resin composites as a function of frequency - dynamic frequency sweep test from 0.01 to 100 rad/s at $25^{\circ}C$ - by using Advanced Rheometric Expansion System(ARES). To investigate the effect on the viscosity of resin composites of filler volume fraction, the filler weight % and volume % were measured by means of Archimedes' principle using a pyknometer. The results were as follows 1. The complex viscosity ${\eta}^*$ of flowable resins was lower than that of hybrid resins and significant differences were observed between brands. The complex viscosity ${\eta}^*$ of condensable resins was higher than that of hybrid resins. The order of complex viscosity ${\eta}^*$ at ${\omega}$=10 rad/s was as follows, Surefil, Synergy compact, P-60, Z-250, Z-100, Aeliteflo, Tetric flow, Compoglass flow, Flow it, Revolution. The relative complex viscosity of flowable resins compared to Z-100 was 0.04~0.56 but Surefil was 30.4 times higher than that of Z-100. 2. The storage shear modulus G' and the loss shear modulus G" of flowable resins were lower than those of hybrid resins but those of condensable resins were higher. The patterns of the change of loss tangent, tan ${\delta}$, of resin composites with increasing frequency were significantly different between brands. The phase angles, ${\delta}$, ranged from $30.2{\sim}78.1^{\circ}$ at ${\omega}$=10 rad/s. 3. All composite resins represent pseudoplastic nature with increasing shear rate. 4. The complex shear modulus $G^*$ and the phase angle ${\delta}$ was represented by the frequency domain phasor form, $G^*({\omega})=G^*e^{i{\delta}}=G^*{\angle}{\delta}$. The locus of frequency domain phasor plots in a complex plane was a valuable method that represent the viscoelastic properties of composite resins. 5. There was no direct linear correlationship but a weak positive relation was observed between filler volume % or weight % and the viscosity of the resin composites.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2004년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.706-709
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• 2004

A numerical method was developed that imposes constraint condition on the order parameters in martensitic phase transformation. In the method, an amplitude function having values of 1 or 0 was multiplied to transformation rates. The merit of the method is that the imposition of the constraint condition is more straightforward than a method with Lagrangian multiplier and easy to implement in the tangent modulus method. The developed method is applied to three-dimensional finite element analyses of single and poly crystalline shape memory alloys.

• 대한용접접합학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한용접접합학회 2001년도 추계학술발표대회 개요집
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• pp.116-118
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• 2001

We propose an implicit numerical implementation for Leblond's transformation plasticity constitutive equations , which are widely used in welded steel structure. We apply Euler backward scheme rule to integrate the equations and determine the consistent tangent modulus. The implementation may be used with updated Lagrangian formulation. we test a simple butt-welding process to compare with SYSWELD and discuss the accuracy.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제30권7호
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• pp.757-764
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• 2006

Isothermal cyclic stress-strain deformation and thermomechanical deformation (TMD) of 429EM stainless steel were analyzed using a rheological model employing a bi-linear model. The proposed model was composed of three parameters: elastic modulus, yield stress and tangent modulus. Monotonic stress-strain curves at various temperatures were used to construct the model. The yield stress in the model was nearly same as 0.2% offset yield stress. Hardening relation factor, m, was proposed to relate cyclic hardening to kinematic hardening. Isothermal cyclic stress-strain deformation could be described well by the proposed model. The model was extended to describe TMD. The results revealed that the hi-linear thermomechanical model overestimates the experimental data under both in-phase and out-of-phase conditions in the temperature range of $350-500^{\circ}C$ and it was due to the enhanced dynamic recovery effect.