• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.173-180
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• 2008

Purpose: The modification of radiation-induced apoptosis by EGCG, known as antioxidants or oxidants, was studied in mice spleens irradiated with a lethal dose. Materials and Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into control, irradiation-only, and EGCG (100 mg/kg i.p. 1 h before irradiation) pretreatment groups. The mice were irradiated with a single whole-body dose of 7 Gy. The apoptosis in the spleens after irradiation of the lethal dose were analyzed by TUNEL assay. In addition, the expression levels of the Bax and Bcl-2 proteins were quantified using a Western blotting method. Results: The induction of apoptosis was detected in the splenic white pulp. The highest level of apoptosis was detected at 8 hours after irradiation. No significant difference was identified by the apoptotic index (53.9% vs. 52.1%, p=0.328) and relative Bax protein expression (0.86 vs. 0.81, p=0.335), between the irradiation-only and EGCG pretreatment group, respectively. However, a lower Bax/Bcl-2 ratio (1.64 vs. 0.97, p=0.037) and higher relative expression level of Bcl-2 protein (0.57 vs. 0.82, p=0.037) was measured in the EGCG pretreatment group. Conclusion: The EGCG pretreatment neither decreased the radiation-induced apoptosis in mice splenocytes, nor induced additional apoptosis.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2016

Objectives : Polygalae Radix (POL) has an ameliorating effect on learning and memory impairment caused by cerebral hypoperfusion. In regard to POL's action mechanism, this study was carried out to investigate the effects of POL on oxidative damage and neuronal apoptosis induced by cerebral hypoperfusion in rats.Methods : The cerebral hypoperfusion was induced by permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (pBCAO) in Sprague-Dawley rats. POL was administered orally once a day (130 mg/kg of water-extract) for 28 days starting at 4 weeks after the pBCAO. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the brain tissue were measured using ELISA method. Expressions of 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE) and 8-hydroxy-2'- deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were observed using immunohistochemistry. In addition, neuronal apoptosis was evaluated with Cresyl violet staining, TUNEL labeling, and immunohistochemistry against Bax and caspase-3.Results : POL treatment significantly increased SOD activities and significantly reduced MDA levels in the cerebral cortex. The up-regulations of 4HNE and 8-OHdG expression caused by pBCAO in the CA1 of hippocampus were significantly attenuated by POL treatment. POL treatment also restored the reduction of CA1 thickness and CA1 neurons caused by pBCAO and significantly attenuated the apoptotic markers including TUNEL-positive cells, Bax, and caspase-3 expression in the CA1 of hippocampus.Conclusions : The results show that POL attenuated the oxidative damage in brain tissue and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus caused by the cerebral hypoperfusion. It suggests that POL can be a beneficial medicinal herb to treat the brain diseases related to cerebral hypoperfusion.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 2006

Purpose: Cancer is a genetic disease caused by alterations in key regulators of cell growth and cell turnover, We investigated apoptotic cell death and cell proliferation in gastric adenomas and adenocarcinomas. Materials and Methods: The TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labelling (TUNEL) method and immunohistochemistry for Ki-67 were peformed, using paraffin-embedded tissues of 41 gastric adenomas and 100 gastric adenocarcinomas. These results were compared with histopathologic parameters. Results: The Ki-67 labelling index was higher in adenocarcinomas than in adenomas and the apoptotic index was higher in adenomas than in adenocarcinomas. There were no significant difference between the apoptotic index/Ki-67 labelling index and clinicopathological parameters. Conclusion: We propose that cell proliferation is more closely associated with gastric adenocarcinomas than apoptosis is, but that neither has any clinical significance as a prognostic factor in gastric adenocarcinomas. (J Korean Gastric Cancer Assoc 2006;6:91-96)

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2000

The present study was performed in order to evaluate the effects of the gamihyangsayukgunjatang on radioprotection and apoptosis in small intestines of mice after whole body irradiation. Two hundred forty mice were divided into 40 groups according to the radiation dose and the gamihyangsayukgunjatang treatment. The extracts of the herbal medicines were orally administered to each group differently before and/or after irradiation. The gamihyangsayukgunjatang treated groups were divided into 3 groups. Sample Ⅰ was the group treated with the gamihyangsayukgunjatang for 3 days before the radiation, sample Ⅱ was the group treated with the gamihyangsayukgunjatang for 3 days after the radiation. Sample Ⅲ was the group treated with the gamihyangsayukgunjatang for both 3 days before and after the radiation. To analyze the crypt survival, the micradony survival assay was used according to the Withers and Elind's method. To analyze the apptosis, the TUNEL assay was done. The results obtained are a follows : 1. From the microcolony survival assay, the gamihyangsayukgunjatang treated groups showed the radioprotective effect with a statistical significance(p<0.05), as compared to the control group. Comparing the radioprotective effect among the 3 groups, sample III was statistically more significant than sample I and II (p<0.05). Sample I showed no effect. In accordance with the research mentioned above, it is suggested that the radioprotective effect of the gamihyangsayukgunjatang is more useful for the treatment of the radiation injury rather that the prevention. 2. The results of the TUNEL assay showed that the apoptotic index in the gamihyangsayukgunjatang treated group was slightly decreased with no effectiveness, as compared to the control group. According to the above results, it could be suggested that the gamihyangsayukgujatang has a prominent protective effect in mice intestines against the radiation damage. However, the radioprotective effect does not seem to be related to inhibition of the apoptosis.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.3175-3178
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• 2014

Background: Gastric cancer is a common malignant tumor. Our previous study demonstrated inhibitory effects of 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA) on pleural mesothelioma. Moreover, we found that 3-BrPA could inhibit human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901 proliferation in vitro, but whether similar effects might be exerted in vivo have remained unclear. Aim: To investigate the effect of 3-BrPA to human gastric cancer implant tumors in nude mice. Materials and Methods: Animals were randomly divided into 6 groups: 3-BrPA low, medium and high dose groups, PBS negative control group 1 (PH7.4), control group 2 (PH 6.8-7.8) and positive control group receiving 5-FU. The TUNEL method was used to detect apoptosis, and cell morphology and structural changes of tumor tissue were observed under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results: 3-BrPA low, medium, high dose group, and 5-FU group, the tumor volume inhibition rates were 34.5%, 40.2%, 45.1%, 47.3%, tumor volume of experimental group compared with 2 PBS groups (p<0.05), with no significant difference between the high dose and 5-FU groups (p>0.05). TEM showed typical characteristics of apoptosis. TUNEL demonstrated apoptosis indices of 28.7%, 39.7%, 48.7% for the 3-BrPA low, medium, high dose groups, 42.2% for the 5-FU group and 5% and 4.3% for the PBS1 (PH7.4) and PBS2 (PH6.8-7.8) groups. Compared each experimental group with 2 negative control groups, there was significant difference (p<0.05); there was no significant difference between 5-FU group and medium dose group (p>0.05), but there was between the 5-FU and high dose groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: This study indicated that 3-BrPA in vivo has strong inhibitory effects on human gastric cancer implant tumors in nude mice.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.153-158
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• 2002

Ovaries from total 192 slaughtered cows(154 Korean native cows and 38 Holstein cows) were collected during the slaughtering process in Kimhae, Changyoung and Yangsan abattoirs in Kyungnam province from January 2001 to January 2002. In order to investigate incidence of the ovarian cysts, anatomical, histological observations were performed and also TUNEL methods and PCNA antibody by immunogistochemical methods for diagnostic accuracy of cysts in a few ovaries were applied. Apoptotic positive cells by TUNEL method appeared not or a few in cystic walls but appeared more number in normal large follicular walls and the proliferative positive cells by PCNA antibody appeared numerous in normal large follicular walls but not or a few in cystic walls. The incident rates of ovarian cysts were 19.5% in Korean native cows and 18.4% in Holstein cows. The incident rates of ovarian cysts in Holstein cows were lower than that of Koran native cows. The incident rates of follicular cysts and luteal cysts in Korean native cows were 11.7% and 7.8% respectively. The incident rates of follicular cysts and luteal cysts in Holstein cows were 10.5% and 7.9%, respectively. Higher incidence proportions of ovarian cysts according to seasons in Korean native cows were ordered as spring (29.8%), autumn (21.4%) winter (14.3%) and summer (6.7%). Rates of cows with single cyst and multiple cysts were 63.3%(19 heads /30 heads) and 36.7%(11 heads/30 heads) in 30 cystic Korean native cows, respectively. Cystic cows with corpus luteums were 50.0%(15 heads) in 30 Korean native cows and 42.9%(3 heads) in 7 dairy cows, respectively. Among 15 cystic Korean native cows with corpus luteums, rates of cows with single corpus luteum were 66.7%(10 heads) and rates of multiple corpus luteum were 33.3%(5 heads ), respectively. The average diameter of cysts and corpus luteums in cystic ovaries were 21.0$\times$17.1 mm and 18.1$\times$13.8 mm in 30 Korean native cows and 20.6$\times$17.7 mm and 19.3 $\times$ 14.9 mm in 7 Holstein cows, respectively. So the average sizes of cysts in cystic ovaries were larger than those of corpus luteums.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.76-84
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• 2018

Wet wipes are being increasingly used because of their convenience. Particularly, oral wet wipes are useful for regular cleaning of a baby's mouth after birth. Therefore, the consumption of oral wet wipes has increased over the past few years and a variety of products are commercially available. However, product information on safety is not sufficiently provided and still raises doubts regarding adverse effects. To confirm the safety of wet wipes as an oral hygiene item and provide information for their use, we investigated the cytotoxicity of oral wet wipes and verified the underlying mechanism. The anti-bacterial effect of oral wet wipes was analyzed using the disk diffusion method. The cytotoxic effects of oral wet wipes were observed based on morphological changes using microscopy and determined using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in gingival epithelial cells and gingival fibroblasts. Evaluation of apoptosis by oral wet wipes was explored using propidium iodide flow cytometric analysis and a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Apoptosis-related molecules were also analyzed using western blotting. Five types of oral wet wipes were tested, and two products from Fisher-Price and Dr. Kennedy revealed strong cytotoxic effects on gingiva epithelial cells and gingiva fibroblasts, although they also showed intense anti-bacterial effects on oral bacteria. Cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and apoptosis were observed based on treatment of extracts from Fisher-Price and Dr. KENNEDY. Relatively high TUNEL levels, reduction of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 expression, and fragmentation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase were also elucidated. These results suggest that commercial oral wet wipes could exert cytotoxic influences on oral tissue, although there are anti-bacterial effects, and careful attention is required, especially for infants and toddlers.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.135-138
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• 2012

Objective: To investigate whether apoptin is a apoptosis-inducing protein with a potential for bladder cancer therapy. Methods: We constructed a PCDNA3/Apoptin eukaryotic expression vector, and transfected this vector into bladder cancer cell lines BIU-87 and EJ, then observed the results by RT-PCR, transmission electron microscopy, MTT assay and the flow cytometry (TUNEL method). Results: PCDNA3/Apoptin successfully induced a high level apoptosis in both bladder cancer cell lines, compared with the controls (p<0.05). Conclusions: Apoptin can induce high level apoptosis in human bladder cancer EJ and BIU-87 cells, which suggests a potential for human bladder cancer therapy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.72.1-72
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• 2003

Generally, plants defend themselves against pathogens by structural and biochemical reactions. Defense structures act as physical barriers and inhibit the pathogen from gaining entrance and spreading through the plant. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv glycines, the causal pathogen of bacterial pustule of soybean, causes hypersensitive response (HR). When pepper fruits were inoculated with X. axonopodis pv. glycines, in situ, time-series defense-related structural changes occurred in the inoculated sites. Early responses were programmed cell death (PCD), characterized by condensation and vacuolization of the cytoplasm, condensation of nuclear materials, and fragmentation of the nuclear DNA, which were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Nuclear fragmentation was proven by TUNEL method under confocal laser scanning microscopy and DNA laddering through eletrophoresis. At later stages, plant responses were cell elongation and cell division, forming a periderm-like boundary layer that demarcated healthy tissues from the inoculation sites. Using several stains such as toluidine blue, sudan IV, annexin V, and phloroglucinol-HCl, defense-related materials and structural changes were also examined.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.89-95
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• 2002

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex, whose function is to add telomeric repeats $(TTAGGG)_n$ to chromosomal ends and is also known to play an important role in cellular immortalization. Telomerase is highly active in most tumor cells, yet not in normal cells. Therefore, it may have possible applications in cancer gene therapy. Telomerase consists of two essential components; a telomerase RNA template (hTR) and a catalytic subunit (hTERT). The current study attempted to inhibit the "open" part of the human telomerase RNA (hTR) with an antisense sequence-expressing adenovirus. It was found that the antisense telomerase adenovirus suppressed the telomerase activity, tumor cell growth, and survival in vitro. Furthermore, FACS analysis and TUNEL assay suggested that the reduce viability was mediated through the induction of apoptosis, indicating that this approach might be a useful method for suppressing cancer growth in targeted cancer gene therapy.