• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.249-262
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• 2010

Regulatory test method for Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs) in the marine sediment and biota has not still been established even though TPHs are one of the major pollutants in marine environment. Based on the Korean Soil Standard Method (SSM) for TPHs, we considered a new treatment method for determining TPHs in marine environmental samples by using a Gas chromatography coupled with Mass spectrometric detector. We suggested an improved recovery test for quality control procedures and introduced analytical procedures of removing sulfur, polar organic materials, water and saponification for removing neutral lipids in marine bottom sediments and biota.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.473-478
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• 2009

The removal characteristics of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and heavy metals in contaminated soils with ultrasonic washing have been studied. The ultrasonic washing was evaluated on a laboratory scale. In this investigation, the effects of factors such as ultrasonic frequency, power intensity, duration of irradiation, contents of the TPHs and heavy metals and mixing ratios between the contaminated soils and water, were considered. Experimental results suggested that the rates for contaminant extraction of the TPHs and heavy metals in the contaminated soil increased considerably with the ultrasonic washing. Therefore, the ultrasonic washing has previously been to be an effective method to remediate the contaminated soils with the TPHs and heavy metals.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.86-92
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• 2011

Three bioremediation methods, natural attenuation (NA), biostimulation (BS) and bioaugmentation (BA) were applied to remediate diesel-contaminated soil, with their remediation efficiencies and soil microbial activities compared both with and without surfactant (Tween 80). BA treatment employing Rhodococcus sp. EH831 was the most effective for the remediation of diesel-contaminated soil at initial remediation stage. On the addition of surfactant, no significant effect on the remediation performance was observed. A negative correlation was found between the dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and residual concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) at below 20,000 mg-$TPHs{\cdot}kg$-dry $soil^{-1}$, as follows: DHA (${\mu}g$-TPF(Triphenylformazan)${\cdot}g$-dry $soil^{-1}\;d^{-1}$) = -0.02 ${\times}$ TPHs concentration (mg-$TPHs{\cdot}kg$-dry $soil^{-1}$) + 425.76 (2500 ${\leq}$ TPHs concentration ${\leq}$ 20000, p < 0.01).

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.441-451
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• 2013

Samples for estimating concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocargons(PAHs), total petroleum hydrocarbons(TPHs), and benzene-toluene-ethylbenzene-xylene(BTEX) were collected at the tidal flat sediments of 8 coastal sites in Incheon, at seventy-two sampling stations for the surface sediment and twenty-four stations for the sediment core, twice in the spring and fall in 2011. This study was performed to evaluate the distributions of seasonal and spatial concentrations of PAHs, TPHs, and BTEX in the tidal flat sediments. The source origin of PAHs were carried out. The total average concentration of PAHs in the tidal flat sediment was $95.62{\mu}g/kg$. The characteristic of PAHs concentration distributions was observed that the average concentration in the autumn was lower than that in the spring, and higher concentration in the sediment core than the surface sediment, and greater vertical concentration at the top rather than the bottom in the sediment core. The total average concentration of TPHs at all sampling sites was in the value of 46 mg/kg. The characteristic of the TPHs concentration distribution was observed that the average concentration in the fall was much higher than that in the spring, and higher concentration in the surface sediment than the sediment core. The possible source of PAHs inputs were mainly derived from both pyrogenic and petrogenic origin at the surface sediment at Janghwari site and the sediment cores of both Sorae and Okyeon sites, while the rest sites of study areas originated with pyrogenic combustion.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.425-444
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• 2013

This study was carried out in order to determine the remediation of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs), trichloroethylene (TCE), perchloroethylene (PCE), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) compounds for non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) using in-situ air sparging (IAS) / vapor extraction (VE) with the marine sediments of Mandol, Hajeon, Sangam and Busan, South Korea. Surface sediment of Mandol area had sand characteristics (average particle size, 1.789 ${\Phi}$), and sandy silt characteristics (average particle size, 5.503 ${\Phi}$), respectively. Sangam surface sediment had silt characteristics (average particle size, 5.835 ${\Phi}$). Sediment characteristics before experiment in the Busan area showed clay characteristics (average particle size, 8.528 ${\Phi}$). TPHs level in the B1 column of Mandol, Hajeon, Sangam, and Busan sediments were 2,459, 6,712, 4,348, and 14,279 ppm. B2 (3 L/min) to B5 (5 L/min) columns reduced 99.5% to 100.0% of TCE and 93.2% to 100.0% of PCE. Removal rates of TCE, PCE, and BTEX are closely correlated (0.90-0.99) with particle sizes and organic carbon concentrations. However, TPHs (0.76) and benzene (0.71) showed the poorer but moderate correlations with the same parameters.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.229-243
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• 2013

Coagulation-flocculation (CF) was tested coupled with an aerobic biofilter to reduce total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPHs) concentration and toxicity from petrochemical wastewater. The efficiency of the process was followed using turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The biofilter was packed with a basaltic waste (tezontle) and inoculated with a bacterial consortium. Toxicity test were carried out using Lactuca sativa var. capitata seeds. Best results for turbidity removal were obtained using alum. Considerable turbidity removal was obtained when using Opuntia spp. COD removal with alum was 25%, for Opuntia powder it was 36%. The application of the biofilter allowed the removal of 70% of the remaining TPHs after 30 days with a biodegradation rate (BDR) value 47 $mgL^{-1}d^{-1}$. COD removal was slightly higher with BDR value 63 $mgL^{-1}d^{-1}$. TPH kinetics allowed a degradation rate constant equal to $4.05{\times}10^{-2}d^{-1}$. COD removal showed similar trend with $k=4.23{\times}10^{-2}d^{-1}$. Toxicity reduction was also successfully achieved by the combined treatment process.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.529-540
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• 2012

Objective: This research was performed to evaluate the state of oil pollution in an area surrounding a railway station that has over 100 years of business history as a railway station in S City, Korea. The amount of polluted soil was estimated, and the target area for remediation was assessed in this study to restore the oil-polluted area. Methods: To accomplish this aim, five observation wells were installed for the sampling of groundwater, and soil was sampled at 33 points. Electric resistance studies and a trench investigation were undertaken to understand the geological conditions of the site, and the groundwater movement in this area was simulated by MODFLOW. Physiochemical analyses were conducted to determine the quality of the groundwater and the current state of oil pollution influenced by that of the soil. Results: The mean level of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in this area was 1,059 mg/kg, and the area for remediation was determined to be 7,610 mg/kg. Levels of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) were determined to be under the legal standard. Conclusion: In terms of depth, the biggest area polluted by TPH found was between 0 and 1 m from ground level, and the affected area was 5,900 $m^3$. TPHs were not detected in groundwater. Diesel and lubricating oil were the main causes of TPH pollution at this railway station.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.47-51
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• 2015

Biocatalytic degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in contaminated soil by hemoglobin and hydrogen peroxide is an effective soil remediation method. This study used a laboratory soil reactor experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of a nonspecific biocatalytic reaction with hemoglobin and H₂O₂ for treating TPH-contaminated soil. We also quantified changes in the soil microbial community using real-time PCR analysis during the experimental treatment. The results show that the measured rate constant for the reaction with added hemoglobin was 0.051/day, about 3.5 times higher than the constant for the reaction with only H₂O₂ (0.014/day). After four weeks of treatment, 76% of the initial soil TPH concentration was removed with hemoglobin and hydrogen peroxide treatment. The removal of initial soil TPH concentration was 26% when only hydrogen peroxide was used. The soil microbial community, based on 16S rRNA gene copy number, was higher (7.1 × 10⁶ copy number/g of bacteria, and 7.4 × 10⁵ copy number/g of Archaea, respectively) in the hemoglobin catalyzed treatment. Our results show that TPH treatment in contaminated soil using hemoglobin catalyzed oxidation led to the enhanced removal effectiveness and was non-toxic to the native soil microbial community in the initial soil.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.11-15
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• 2015

The three processes of 1) high- & low-temperature microwave heatings, 2) the soil washing, and 3) the thermal desorption processes in soil remediation are analysed on the treatment cost data for 2003-2012 years. The cost of microwave heating method with at temperature 500-700℃, for 30 minutes, and at 4-6 kW is approximately 10 $/ton (13,000 ₩) due to the deep through heating of micro-wave, the soil washing with chemicals is about 80 $/ton (85,000 ₩) due to the chemicals & duration, and the thermal desorption process is around 40 $/ton (41,000 ₩) from the less efficiency. Furthermore the sustainability has been assessed, and suggestions are made. 1) Green; the minimal environmental footprint, 2) Growth; the least cost, 3) Shared; the social & environmental justice, 4) Smart; the microwave characteristics of deep through irradiation & heating, and 5) Mutuality; the flexibility of the technology. More additives including water, the government support, and public relation are suggested realizing the microwave in this condition is not harmful to human beings.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.617-625
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• 2010

Rapid industrialization has brought Nam-Hae area serious environmental problems associated with released oil and other hydrocarbons. In this work, in order to enhance the quality of the shoreline sediment we made enviro-chemical analyses of its substances, TPHs and microbial growth after treating with oxygen releasing compound(ORC) such as $MgO_2$. Total organic compound(TOC) was reduced from 33.45% to 25.1~31.08% meanwhile COD decreased from 27.5~28.9mg/$g{\cdot}dry$ to 19.9~26.1mg/$g{\cdot}dry$ for input of 2~10% $MgO_2$ in 20days. For 10% $MgO_2$ input, TP and TN were reduced by 13.3% and 18.8%, respectively. Most of all TPH was decomposed by max. 42.4% in 21days, and the total viable count of microbes was found to be exponentially increased by 75.9%.